HomeMy WebLinkAbout2.b. Reallocation of Encumbered FundsAGENDA ITEM: Reallocation of Encumbered Funds
AGENDA SECTION:
PREPARED BY: Gary Kalstabakken, Chief of Police
AGE 2
ATTACHMENTS: Article
APPROVED BY:
RECOMMENDED ACTION: Discussion
4 ROSEMOUNT
CITY COUNCIL
City Council Work Session: June 15, 2005
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ISSUE
Council is asked to consider authorizing the use of $5000 in encumbered funds currently designated for
Field Based Reporting software to instead be used to purchase Tasers and Taser supphes
SUMMARY
In the 2004 budget, $5000 was mcluded for Field Based Reporting (FBR) software, which would allow
pohce officers to enter data directly into the records management system from the laptops m the squad
cars This product had been scheduled for dehvery through LOGIS in June 2004; however, it is now
scheduled for delivery and implementation at two cities this summer Since this purchase was planned,
Dakota County's Cnnunal Justice Information Integration Network (CJIIN) has begun developing
electronic forms One form being developed is an electronic initial incident report This form will allow
officers to do some initial entry from the squad. FBR would have resulted m police officers doing more
typing, data entry and coding of data into the records system There are quality control concerns with
havmg multiple officers doing the entry versus two clencal staff, as well as concerns of having officers
typing when their skills are better utilized doing other police officer tasks The availability of the CJIIN e-
form and the quality control issues of FBR reduce the need and desire to purchase FBR software.
The depaitnient had also been attemptmg to purchase Tasers over the last year through a grant program.,
The grant has now been denied for Taser purchases. In order to move forward in purchasing Tasers,
Council is asked to authonze the use of the encumbered $5000 for FBR software to be reallocated for the
purchase of Tasers and training supplies for implementing Tasers. Each Taser costs $799 The mtennon
is to purchase four or five Tasers, naming cartridges and extra cartridges as necessary One Taser was
purchased in 2004 out of the Operating Budget. This would allow each officer on -duty to have the option
of carrymg a Taser. Three officers are scheduled to attend a Taser instructor course in July.
Taser use has generated a fair amount of media coverage in the last six months. Because of the media
coverage, Sergeant John Sommers and Officer John Winters will be present at the meeting to provide an
overview of the department's use of force training curriculum and philosophy. They will also discuss the
use of force continuum and how Taser use fits into the continuum.
Additional information on Tasers can be found on their web site, http. /www.taser.com.
JANUARY 2005 VOLUME 28
ACING
ND
MrO O LINICAL
OLECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Editorial by Kim, etal.
3 High Energy Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation by Alaeddini, et al.
8 Magnetocardiography in Coronary Artery Diseaseb}i Hailer, etal.
17 Effects of Sensor Optimization by Erol- Yilmaz, et aL
'`25_ ECG of Fasciculoventricular Pathway by Choi, et al._,
29 Diagnostic Value of Nitrate Stimulated Tilt Testing ,by Aerts, et al.
34 Transcnstal Conduction in Patients with AFL byYang, et al.
44 Prevalence and Management of Inappropriate Detection by
51 Coronary Sinus Lead_ Extraction by Kasravi, et aL
54 Changes in QT in Patients with Edematous States by Madias`
62 Intrinsic RV byOlshansky, et al.
67 Elderly Woman with AV Block by lndik, et
71 Musings by Grubb
72 Accessory Pathway In Right Atrial Diverticulum
75 Letters to the Editor
Blackwell
Futura
a x
fi� D t SOURNAL illEI1d3ERNA1ibi11A Ri7ll# P a1til(s 13171 0P-
AND THE`ASIAN- PACIFIC WORKING GROUP ON CARDIAC PACING.ANDEfi P Y IOCO
This study did not address the safety index as it relates to individuals with anhythmtas, pacemakers, or implantable cardiac defibrillators
Cardiac Safety of Neuromuscular Incapacitating
Defensive Devices
WAYNE C McDANIEL ROBERT A STRATBUCKER,t MAX NERHEIM,t
and JAMES E BREWER*
Flom the 'University of Missouri- Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, tTASER® International, Scottsdale, Arizona,
and :Brewer Consulting, Minneapolis, Minnesota
McDANIEL, W C ET AL.: Cardiac Safety of Neuromuscular Incapacitating Defensive Devices. Neuromus-
cularincapacitation (NMI) deuces discharge a pulsed dose of electrical energy to cause muscle contraction
and pain. Field data suggest electrcal NMI devices present an extremely low risk of injury One nsk of
delivering electricity to a human is the induction of ventncular fibrillation (VF)- We hypothesized that
inducing VF would require a significantly greater NMI discharge than a discharge output by fielded de-
vices The cardiac safety of NMI discharges was studied in nine pigs weighing 60 28 kg The minimum
fibrillating level was defined as the lowest discharge that induced VF at least once, the maximum safe level
was defined as the highest discharge which could be applied five times without VF induction, and the VF
threshold was defined as their average A safety index was defined as the ratio of the VF threshold to the
standard discharge Ievel output by fielded NMI devices A VF induction protocol was applied to each pig
to estimate the VF threshold and safety index The safety index for stored charge ranged from 15X to 42X
as weight increased from 30 to 117 kg (P 0.001). Discharge levels above standard discharge and weight
were independently significant for predicting IT inducibility The safety index for on NMI discharge was
significantly and positively associated with weight Discharge levels for standard electrical NMI devices
have an extremely low probability of inducing VF (PACE 2005; 28 S284
neuromuscular incapacitation, ventricular fibrillation, electrical safety
Introduction
Neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) devices
discharge electrical energy at high peak voltage,
low average current, in 10 -100 µs pulses deliv-
ered in 10 -19 per- second trains Parameters for
the electrical discharge of NMI devices have been
empirically determined to maximize neuromus-
cular stimulation. cause pain and muscle con-
tractions, and temporarily incapacitate a human
subject 2
TASER® (Taser International, Scottsdale, AZ)
is an electrical NMI defensive device which has
been widely tested.'' There has been no report
directly related to its risk of inducing ventricu-
lar fibrillation (VF), although preliminary findings
suggest that the likelihood of inducing VF by an
NMI discharge is extremely low 2,5 9 We hypothe-
sized that the induction of VF would require sig-
nificantly greater discharge levels than delivered
by electrical NMI devices fielded by law enforce-
ment agencies.
Partial funding received from the Office of Naval Research, con-
tract N00014 -02 -C -0059
Address for repr_nts Wayne C McDamel Ph D Technology
and Special Protects University of Missouri Columbia,
475 McReynolds Hall Columbia, MO 65211 e -mail
mcdanielwc@imicsourr edu
Methods
Study Design
The cardiac safety of the electrical discharge
by NMI devices was studied in a prospective con-
trolled trial design with the standard NMI dis-
charge as control, compared with discharges that
induced VF in a large pig The animals were anes-
thetized with isoflurane, their arterial blood pres-
sure, oxygen saturation, respiration, and heart rate
were continuously monitored until sacrifice.
Experimental Device and Electrodes
A custom device was built to deliver an
NMI electrical discharge that matched the wave-
form characteristics of the commercially available
TASER model X2a device. The experimental de-
vice allows the output capacitance to vary as a mul-
tiple of the nominal capacitance (and charge) for
a standard NMI device (0 008 AF, Fig. 1). All ex-
perimental NMI discharges were delivered with a
fixed voltage of 6000 V The waveform, as a short
electrical pulse, was delivered at a repetition rate
of 19 pulses per second for 5 seconds The standard
NMI stored charge for the experiment control was
(0.008 µF x 6,000 V) 48 µC The standard NMI
discharge represented the same amount of charge
(coulombs) delivered by fielded NMI devices. The
pulses were discharged across the thorax of the an-
imal. using metallic barbs that matched darts de-
ployed in fielded NMI devices One pulse delivery
5284 January 2005, Supplement 1 PACE, Vol 28
PACE, Vol 28
10
c
U
10
0
SAFETY OF NEUROMUSCULAR LNCAPACITATING DEVICE
100
200
300
Time [us]
400
50D
Standard Waveform —16x Waveform —48x Waveform
m uscular activity (pedestal portion of waveform).
probe was placed at the sternal notch and another
on the anterolateral thorax at the point of maxi-
mum impulse
Threshold Procedure
NMI discharges were applied in an up -down
method to determine a threshold for VF induc-
tion. beginning with a standard NMI discharge. In-
creasing stored charges were applied to the animal
until VF was induced The stored charge was in-
creased in steps by increasing the size of the exper-
imental NMI device capacitor Each stepped stored
charge had a capacitor value equal to a multiple
of the standard capacitance unit (0 008 µF), using
an increasing number of charge multiples (2 and
multiples of 4 from 4 to 48) Following the first
VF induction, a decreasing series of capacitance
stepped discharges were then applied until VF
was no longer induced by five discharges of equal
stored charge The animal were defibrillated with
an automatic external defibrillator. A recovery pe-
nod of at least 90 seconds was allowed after dis-
charges that did not induce VF. If a discharge did
induce VF a recovery period of at least 5 min was
allowed following defibrillation
Study Endpoints and Safety Index
The primary study endpoint was the determi-
nation of a safety index for each animal based on its
600
Figure 1. Experimental NMI waveforms compared to waveforms discharged by standard NMI
devices (standard waveform, black) Experimental waveforms are shown for 16 times standard
discharge ()LA, green) and for 48 times standard discharge (AA, red) The waveforms represented
a single pulse of a two -stage capacitor discharge standard NMI devices apply 19 pulses per
second for 5 seconds. The two -stage incapacitation discharge was designed to first penetrate high
impedance barriers (AC -like portion of waveform) and then to incapacitate neurological and
weight. Discharge data were collected during the
experiment for each NMI discharge applied dur-
ing the VF threshold procedure. Minimum fibril
latmg discharge level determined by the VF thresh-
old procedure was defined as the lowest discharge
that induced VF at least once, maximum safe level
was defined as the highest discharge which could
be applied five times without induction of VF. VF
threshold was defined as their average. The safety
index was defined as the ratio of the VF threshold
to the standard NMI discharge (48 AC).
Statistical Analysis
All continuous variables are expressed as
mean f standard deviation. Two sample t -tests for
samples with equal variance were used to compare
mean values For all comparisons, a P 0 05 was
considered statistically significant.
Institutional Review
The study protocol received approval from the
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of
Sinclair Research Farms. All animals received hu-
mane care
Results
Nine experiments were completed. The aver-
age weight of the swine was 60 28 kg, rang-
ing from 30 to 117 kg All animals remained
January 2005, Supplement 1 S285
Blood Pressure Chart
1 rp I
•—NMI Stimulation --►I
Figure 2. Example of blood pressure before and dunng
an NMI discharge
hemodynamically stable throughout the experi-
mental procedures, despite an average of 26 12
NMI discharges per animal (Fig 2)
The safety index for stored charge ranged
from 15X to 42X as weight increased from 30 to
117 kg (P 0 001 Table I, Fig. 3). The VF induc-
tion threshold level (1339 463 pC stored charge)
was significantly higher than the standard level for
applied charge (48 µC stored charge, P 0.0001).
The charge multiple at the VF induction thresh-
old was 28 10 compared to the standard charge
multiple of 1 (P 0 0001, Table I) The maximum
safe charge multiple was 26 9 with an average
stored charge of 1,227 423 AC, and the minimum
VF inducing charge multiple was 30 11 with an
average stored charge of 1,451 509 ;1.xC
The maximum safe levels and minimum VFI
levels of stored charge for experimental data were
regressed linearly for significant trends The re-
lationship between stored charge as a function
of weight (kg) was compared to experimental
stored charge for minimum VF induction dis-
charge The maximum safe discharge was mod-
eled by 12.5 *[weight (kg)] 473 (n 9, r
Weight
Pig (kg)
1 83
2 54
4 48
5 81
6 49
7 42
8 37
9 117
10 30
60 28
AC microcoulombs, VFI ventricular fibrillation induction
McDANIEL, ET AL.
Table I.
Experimental Outcomes for 19 Pulse per Second Discharges
Max Safe Safe Stored
Multiple Charge (pC)
0.69) and the minimum VF induction discharge
was modeled by 16.5 *[weight (kg)] 460 (n 9,
r 0 82) The analysis revealed a linear, in-
creasing relationship of maximum safe and mini-
mum VFI discharge multiples (and therefore safety
index) as a function of weight (kg). The rela-
tionship further confirmed a significantly greater
discharge required to induce VF compared to
standard discharge levels for a fielded NMI
device
Logistic regression showed that the mean
charge multiple for a 50% likelihood of VF induc-
tion was 24 f 13, with an odds ratio of 0 85 after
adjustment for weight (95% Wald confidence lim-
its. 0.83, 0.88, P 0 0001). Therefore, an increasing
charge multiple was shown to be independently
related to an increase in VF induction
Discussion
This study confirmed the cardiac safety of an
experimental NMI device emulating the perfor-
mance of commercially used devices. An NMI dis-
charge that could induce VF required 15 times
the charge of the standard NMI discharge. Fur-
thermore, this study demonstrated a safety index
strongly correlated with increasing weight In ad-
dition, the observation of the hemodynamic sta-
bility of the animals suggests that these devices
may be safely applied multiple times if needed.
Discharge levels output by fielded NMI devices
have an extremely low probability of inducing
VF
This study used adult domestic pigs chosen
to simulate a range of adult human body weights
between 30 and 120 kg, likely to be encountered
in police work Our results suggest a safety index
Min VFI
Multiple
VFI Stored Threshold Safety
Charge (pC) Charge (pC) Index
28 1344 32 1536 1440 30
28 1344 32 1536 1440 30
28 1344 32 1536 1440 30
40 1920 44 2112 2016 42
20 960 24 1152 1056 22
20 960 24 1152 1056 22
16 768 20 960 864 18
36 1728 48 2304 2016 42
14 672 16 768 720 15
26 9 1227 423 30 11 1451 f 509 1339 463 28 d 10
S286 January 2005, Supplement 1 PACE, Vol 28
45
4 30
y 25
M
h
20
15
10
SAFETY OF NEUROMUSCULAR INCAPACITATING DEVICE
20 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 100
Weight (Kg)
>20 for human adults >45 kg. The standard NMI
devices may therefore have a safety Index signifi-
cantly >20 for field applications to adult humans.
References
1 Murray J, Resnick B A Guide to Taser Technology Whitewater,
CO Whitewater Press, 1997
2 Stratbucker R, Roeder R, Nerheim M Cardiac serety of high voltage
TASER X26 waveform Proc Annu Int ConfIEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
2003,3261 -3262 Cancun, Mexico
3 Koscove EM, The TASER weapon A new emergency medicine
problem Ann Emerg Med 1985 14 1205 -1208
4 Ordog GI, Wasseroerger 1 Schlater T, et a1 Electric gun (TASER
injuries Ann Emerg Med 1987, 16 73-78
5 Fish R, Electric shock, Pan III Deliberately applied electric shocks
and the treatment of electric injuries Emerg Med 1993, 11 599-
603
110 120 130
Figure 3. IVMI safety index (A, triangle)
in relationship to weight (kg) The safety
index is the ratio of VP induction thresh-
old discharge to fielded NMI discharge
The minimum discharge that would cause fibrilla-
tion was approximately 15 times the charge of the
standard pulse when used on the smallest pig.
6 Robinson MN, Brooks CG, Renshaw GD Electric shock devices
and their effects an the human body Med Sc i Law 1990, 30 285-
300
7 Kornhlum RN, Reddy SK Effects of the TASER m fatalities
involving police confrontation J Forensic Sci 1991, 36434-
448
8 Fisn RM, Geddes LA Effects of stun guns and tasers Lancet 2001,
358 687 -688
9 McDaniel WC, Stratbucker RA, Smith RW Surface application
of Taser stun guns does not cause ventricular fibrillation m ca-
nines Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2000, Chicago,
IL
PACE, Vol, 28 January 2005, Supplement 1 S287
ROSEMOUNT
POLICE
DEPARTMENT
MANUAL
HI. DEFINITIONS
210, USE OF FORCE
Effective Date: June 1, 1998
References: MSS 626.8452
Amended Date: N/A
No. of Pages: 8
PURPOSE
The purpose of this policy is to provide police officers with guidelines on the use of
deadly and non deadly force as it applies to all sworn members of the Rosemount Police
Department.
II. POLICY
This Department recognizes and respects the value and integrity of each human life.
Giving police officers the lawful authority to use force to protect themselves and the
public welfare requires a careful balance of all human interests Therefore, it is the policy
of this Department that police officers shall use only that force which is necessary to
effectively bring an incident under control, while protecting the lives and safety of the
officer or another.
Deadly Force: Force which the officer uses with the purpose of causing, or which the
officer should reasonably know creates a substantial risk of causing death or great bodily
harm. The intentional discharge of a firearm in the direction of another person, or at a
vehicle in which another person is believed to be, constitutes deadly force.
Non Deadly Force: Any use of force other than that which is considered deadly force.
Reasonable Grounds or Reasonably Knows or Reasonable Belief: When facts or
circumstances the officer believes, knows, or should know, are such as to cause an
ordinary and prudent person to act or think in a similar manner under similar
circumstances.
Great Bodily Harm: Injury which creates a high probability of death, or which causes a
permanent disfigurement or which causes a permanent or protracted loss or impairment of
the function of any bodily member or organ or other serious bodily harm.
Impact Weapons: Impact weapons means all objects and instruments which are used, or
designed to be used, to apply force to another by coming into physical contact with that
person. Impact weapons include but are not limited to police batons and flashlights.
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Minnesota Statutes 2004 Table of Chapters
Table of contents for Chapter 609
609.06 Authorized use of force.
Subdivision 1. When authorized. Except as otherwise
provided in subdivision 2, reasonable force may be used upon or
toward the person of another without the other's consent when
the following circumstances exist or the actor reasonably
believes them to exist:
(1) when used by a public officer or one assisting a public
officer under the public officer's direction:
(a) in effecting a lawful arrest; or
(b) in the execution of legal process; or
(c) in enforcing an order of the court; or
(d) in executing any other duty imposed upon the public
officer by law; or
(2) when used by a person not a public officer in arresting
another in the cases and in the manner provided by law and
delivering the other to an officer competent to receive the
other into custody; or
(3) when used by any person in resisting or aiding another
to resist an offense against the person; or
(4) when used by any person in lawful possession of real or
personal property, or by another assisting the person in lawful
possession, in resisting a trespass upon or other unlawful
interference with such property, or
(5) when used by any person to prevent the escape, or to
retake following the escape, of a person lawfully held on a
charge or conviction of a crime; or
(6) when used by a parent, guardian, teacher, or other
lawful custodian of a child or pupil, in the exercise of lawful
authority, to restrain or correct such child or pupil; or
(7) when used by a school employee or school bus driver, in
the exercise of lawful authority, to restrain a child or pupil,
or to prevent bodily harm or death to another; or
(8) when used by a common carrier in expelling a passenger
who refuses to obey a lawful requirement for the conduct of
passengers and reasonable care is exercised with regard to the
passenger's personal safety; or
(9) when used to restrain a person who is mentally i11 or
mentally defective from self- injury or injury to another or when
used by one with authority to do so to compel compliance with
reasonable requirements for the person's control, conduct, or
treatment; or
ittp://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/stats/609/06.html
Page 1 of 2
Fn cnnnc
(10) when used by a public or private institution providing
custody or treatment against one lawfully committed to it to
compel compliance with reasonable requirements for the control,
conduct, or treatment of the committed person.
Subd. 2. Deadly force used against peace officers.
Deadly force may not be used against peace officers who have
announced their presence and are performing official duties at a
location where a person is committing a crime or an act that
would be a crime if committed by an adult.
HIST: 1963 c 753 art 1 s 609.06; 1986 c 444; 1993 c 326 art 1
s 4; 1996 c 408 art 3 s 12; 2002 c 221 s 46
Copyright 2004 by the Office of Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota.
ittp://www.revisonleg.state.mn.usistats/609/06.html
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4/1 S /1/MS
Minnesota Statutes 2004,_Table of Chapters
Table of contents for Chapter 609
609.066 Authorized use of deadly force by peace officers.
Subdivision 1. Deadly force defined. For the
purposes of this section, "deadly force" means force which the
actor uses with the purpose of causing, or which the actor
should reasonably know creates a substantial risk of causing,
death or great bodily harm. The intentional discharge of a
firearm, other than a firearm loaded with less lethal munitions
and used by a peace officer within the scope of official duties,
in the direction of another person, or at a vehicle in which
another person is believed to be, constitutes deadly force.
"Less lethal munitions" means projectiles which are designed to
stun, temporarily incapacitate, or cause temporary discomfort to
a person. "Peace officer" has the meaning given in section
626.84, subdivision 1.
Subd. 2. Use of deadly force. Notwithstanding the
provisions of section 609.06 or 609.065, the use of deadly force
by a peace officer in the line of duty is justified only when
necessary:
(1) To protect the peace officer or another from apparent
death or great bodily harm;
(2) To effect the arrest or capture, or prevent the escape,
of a person whom the peace officer knows or has reasonable
grounds to believe has committed or attempted to commit a felony
involving the use or threatened use of deadly force; or
(3) To effect the arrest or capture, or prevent the escape,
of a person whom the officer knows or has reasonable grounds to
believe has committed or attempted to commit a felony if the
officer reasonably believes that the person will cause death or
great bodily harm if the person's apprehension is delayed.
Subd. 3. No defense. This section and sections
609.06, 609.065 and 629_33 may not be used as a defense in a
civil action brought by an innocent third party.
HIST: 1978 c 736 s 2; 1986 c 444; 2001 c 127 s 1
Copyright 2004 by the Office of Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota.
rttp: /www. revisor. leg .state.mn.us /stats /609 /066.html 6/15/2005
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