HomeMy WebLinkAbout1993 Parks & Recreation Subcommittee Carrolls WoodsOARROLLS FOODS
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December, 20, 1993
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Tom Reller
Staff: Dave Bochtold, Rick Cook, Mark Joosten
A volunteer buckthorn session was held on December 4th from 9 a.m. to
1 p.m. Between 15 and 20 people showed up to pull for 3 to 4 hours.
The weather cooperated and a lot was accomplished in the area south-
west of the exist;g lower trail. However, (Aue to the density of
young trees, it was difficult to bring one o* the chippers in closer
without damoging the trees. The farthest cuttings in the southwest
corner were left until the proposed trail is cut and a chipper can be
brought further back to help relieve the stress on the saplings.
Discussion was held concerning the trail into the woods at the south-
west access. It was decided the trail should be marked further south
a;:d stay up on the ridge, crossing the dra_° age ditch to the ex`:.sting
trail. Part of the lower trail would be eliminated and vegetation
which grows well in that area will be planted. It was mentioned that
it's difficult to have a sense of direction in reqards to exactly where
the trail will be. Dave sa.d the city could.put together a drawing
for the next meeting identifying the trail from poirt to point so each
section is more visible and recognizable in discussions. The committee
could then visualize each portioil of trail to be worked on. Mark said
they could measure off they have -41ready marked and use the measure-
ments of the proposed trail for comparison.
In making a motion to have the proposed trim, MbVbe" furthtr ebuth;
Deanna justified the change by saying that in relationship to this
being a concept map, the committee feels that having the trail toward
the north creates a problem. Because of the lowness this could actuallyr
be a hazard. It could possibly be under water in the spring. We know
where the high water marks are and so we can move the trail further
south. ��Tith this being just a toncept, the committee took a closer
look at it and felt this change could be made and continue the integr`�y
of the trail system. '
Ed Howard furthered the moti�,a for the city staff to re -mark both
trails by January loth to allow approximately a week's time for
committee and park board members to review. The staff is to mark the
trail to their best judgement of where the trail should be.
Second the motion by Deanna Simpson.
All in agreement.
Lo-xtta gave a short summary of a visit she made to Air. Conboy's class
at Rosemount high school. She thanked the students fox all the help
they've given and invited them to the volunteer session scheduled for
December 4th. She handed out two maps - one relating to the trails as
they are now highlighting the areas they've been clearing, and the other
CARROLLS WOODS
COMMITTEE MEETING
NOVEMBER 15, 1993
Members present: Mike Busho, Loretta Loesch
Staff: Dave Bechtold, Rick Cook, Mark Joosten
Buckthorn is being out above and below the new trail line just to the
west of the Halloween trail loop. Once the buckthorn is out it will
be easier to identify the exact placement of the trail. Herbicide is
being used as the buckthorn is cut.
The southwest access has been marked by the developer with a 22-24 ft
easement going up to the woods. There is already one house built
along the easement. Rick Cook and city crew have marked the south-
west corner trail from the access point to the existing trail.
Dave Bechtold will check with Bud Osmundson to check the final grading
of the out lot on the southwest access.
The next buckthorn cut has been scheduled for Saturday, December 4,
from 9:00 am to 1:00 p.m., with the volunteers meeting at the
hockey rink. Rick and crew will concentrate on cutting the buckthorn
in the southwest corner. When this area has been cleared, the
committee will walk through and approve/make changes to the trail
that has been marked. Mark Joosten expressed concern that a part of
the trail may be too steep. Committee approval will enable the city
crew to proceed with excavating.
Staff will insert an article in the paper and make use of the Park and
Rec mailing lists in asking for volunteers. The Park and Rec hotline
will also be used to verify time and date, or cancellation. (In case
Of inclement weather alternate date will be the following Saturday,
December 11.)
Dave Bechtold contacted the school in regards to reforestation of the
hockey rink entrance, adding a swinging maintenance gate, and/or
a walking gate. Joel Sutter thought it was a good idea and a memo was
faxed verifying this agreement with him.
It was clarified for Dave Bechtold that all of the Halloween trail
will be limerocked.
The next meeting will be December 20th, at 6:30 p.m.. It will be a
short meeting due io the Park and Rec Christmas get-together.
We will address membership attendance and size of the committee.
Meeting adjourned.
CARROLLS KOODS
COMMITTEE MEETING
October 18, 1993
Members present: Ed Howard, Mik• Busho, Loretta Loesch, Dave Giliuson
Staff: Dave Bechtold, Rick Cook, Mark Joosten, LaCelle Cordes,
Deanna Simpson
Committee and staff met in Carrolls Woods before their 6:30 meeting at
City Hall to examine the new limestone trail. Half of the Halloween
trail beginning at the hockey rink was covered with limestone. The
other half was excavated and 4-6 inches of wood chips were laid down.
It was the general consensus that the limestone surface was the
preferred pathway. It will be easy to maintain and blends in well with
the surrounding landscape.
Either Shannon Park dedication funds or USPCI money may be used for
development of the southeast entrance. The access has been identified by
the developer by the absence of plotted lots. Northwest corner has
been rough graded.
Overheads of existing and proposed trails were viewed and discussed.
- Parts of the southern trail could be eliminated.
- Take advantage of some of the deer trails in determining a southern
trail to most where the limestone ends on the western side of the
"Halloween loop-.
- Once buckthorn is down it wouldn't take much to carve a trail.
- An aggregate trail is recommended for the south and southwest trail.
Motion: Ed Howard - Rick Cook and crew will identify an acceptable
trail from the southwest corner access point and follow through to link
with the termination point of the aggregate trail already in.
Seconded by Mike Busho.
Motion carried.
Dave Giliuson expressed interest in going with the city crew to map out
the trail.
Motion: Ed Howard - Dave Bechtold to make an inquiry with the school in
placing a swing post or metal gate across the access at the school and
identify areas to be blocked off using natural vegetation such as ivy or
trees.
Seconded by Mike Busho.
Motion carried.
Deanna Simpson addressed the committee expressing interest in becoming a
member of the Carrolls Woods committee if there is a vacancy.
Motion: Mike Busho - Would like to recommend to the Park Board that
Deanna Simpson serve as a msmbsr of the Carrolls Woods committee to
replace Ron Pederson.
Seconded by Loretta Loesch.
Motion carried.
Motion: Ed Howard - Staff is to examine what vegetation is appro-
priate to block traffic, serve as a fence, i.e. barrier, screen,
at the entrance of the woods by the school; and cost of such.
Seconded by Loretta Loesch.
Motion carried.
Next meeting of the Carrolls Woods committee will be held before the park
board meeting, on November 15, at 6:30 p.m.
CARROLLS WOODS
CO"' ITTEE KRETINC
SEPTEMHER 21O, 1993
Members preYont. Mike Busho, Ed Howard, Loretta Loesch, Tom Roller
Staff - Dave Bechtold, Lacolle Cordes, Mark Joosten.
1. Ed Howard gucstioned the rationale of the decision to lay limestone
on the south trail, and stated any deviation of the master plan should
be very well documented. It was agreed that any work direction would be
documented. Dave Bechtold said Dan Belting thought there really was no
deviation to the plan. According to the minutes of the August 16th
Park and Recreation meeting, "The master plan states that this trail
should be eliminated because of stoop grade, etc. The 'etc' could mean
the trail is too soft. Maintenance vehicles have gotten stuck in
this trail."
Z. Rick Cook and staff will write up any deviation to master trail as
a project file. This will be added to the minutes of this meeting and
brought to next months' meeting. An updated map of the trail will be
provided by staff to better define accesses and trails.
Motion was made by Mike Busho for Rick and city staff to go ahead and
purchase limestone/rock and excavate the designated trail from the high
school to the devil's pit located on the Halloween trail, providing
project documentation. He should also go ahead with the purchase of the
trail groomer. Motion was seconded by Loretta Loesch. All members voted
aye and the motion was carried.
3. A date for more buckthorn chipping will be set for after the Halloween
Party, as soon as time and staff permit. The city crew will apply Tordon
as they cut.
Next committee meeting will be held before the park board meeting, on
Oetaher 18th, at 6:30 p.m. We will discuss the access point on the
southwest corner of the park.
WATER TRUCK
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1992 HAUNTED WOODS TRAIL CEMETERY
CARROLL'S WOODS PARK SHORTFENCJE ezta�Sion
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CRRROLLS WOODS
COENITTEE HEFTING
August 16, 1993
Members present: Mike Busho, Tom Reller, Dan Belting, Mark Joosten,
Rick Cook, Dave Giliuson, Loretta Loesch
1. Mike Busho was elected chairperson of the Carrolls Woods Committee.
Loretta Loesch was appointed secretary.
Z. Rick Cook and the city crew were not impressed with the brush hog. It
was not very maneuverable and caused too much destruction to the wood-
land.
Tordon has proven to be very effective against buckthorn in the test plot.
There has been no new growth nor leaching to surrounding plant life.
Tordon will be used on the remaining stumps.
Rick Cook presented the following estimates to the committee:
A. Trail groomer - Harley S-6 power box rake - works with existing loader -
cost - $6563.59
B. Lime rock - For a contractor to come in and dig out 4-6 inches on a
2000 foot trail (Haunted Woods), haul in and lay 3/8 inch lime 1�.O_
would cost $14,030.75.
For 600 tons of lime rock and delivery to site cost is $3,450.
It was suggested that only half the lime rock be purchased (300 tons$1725) ad the =
rock. This will cbeylaid kalong hecrew esouth trail rtake the xfrom tlayingion and lime
the asphalt to the
"Devils Pit" along the Haunted Woods trail.
It was recommended that the south trail be kept as a maintained trail to
allow for maintenance vehicles in park.
The Tree Trust may be prevailed upon to provide labor in laying lime rock
next spring.
The following expenditures were approved by the Carrolls Woods committee:
$ 15,000 encumbered funds to Carrolls Woods
6,563 trail groomer
1,725 300 tons lime rock
61711 balance
$ 6,711 balance of funds
1,725 ear -marked for future lime rock
1,000 ear -marked for 2 brush cutters
50 applications for herbicides
3,936 balance
I —
We would like to save and earmark the balance of $3,936 for:
- rental equipment
- additional lime rock
- signage
- part time help
- timbers
(Note: After the Carrolls Woods meeting, the above figures were presented
the Park Board for release of the encumbered funds. The Park Board
approved and these will be presented to the city council on September
7th.)
3 . A picnic shelter will be placed on the grassy point of Schwartz Pond
across from the high school baseball field.
4. The next meeting of the Carrolls Woods Committee will be held on
September 20th, at 6:30 p.m. in Carrolls Woods. We will meet at the
hockey rink. There will be discussion on future buckthorn removal.
CARROLLS WOODS COMMITTEE MEETING
July 19, 1993
Jaycee Park Shelter
Members Attending: Loretta Loesch, Mike Busho, Dave Giliuson, Rick Cook, Mark Joosten, and
Dave Bechtold
The main topic was how to allocate the funds that our committee wiil be requesting to transfer within
the Parks and Recreation CIP ($15,000). Rick showed us a video of a trail groomer and brush hog.
We discussed these, as well as brush trimmers, part-time help and lime rock trails for the low areas
on the Halloween trail, as well as the entire path. Approximate prices were discussed as well as
recommendations from Rick and Mark.
We decided that Mike Busho would submit a request for funds from the USPCI account for the trail
groomer. Rick will get exact costs for both options on the limerock path. That is to have it hauled and
put in place or to just have it hauled and to have our crew put it in place.
The committee will meet again on August 16, 1993 at 6:30 p.m. and put a package together to submit
to the City Council.
Dave Giliuson
:T\UtqE
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Carroll's Woods Meeting April 19, 1993
another "Chipping Party" for May 1st from
1. It was decided to set up Rick Cook
9:00 to 1:00. Ron Pederson will contact RAHA for extra help.
will obtain two chippers.
t our
2. Discussion took place noto useusThereof ealslo �w0as an a understanding
committee might have available
e the money needs to be established.
000. to the Carroll's Woods Committee.
that the Jaycees were to donate $5
A budget showing how we are to u
suggestions were made: Trail conditioner $6,000. Additopunds
al
Several Handtools,
herbicides, Crushed rock or fill for designated areas,
dollars
could be used to pay for wages for part time help, item listing
item
necessary to re -plant certain devastated areas. s p oss ble and
including costs needs to be establishedas soon as
presented to the Park Board for approval.
3. It was discussed that we cannot cut bdl down
or work in the woods too
much after Maylst do to the Oak Wilt problem.
r
q, Herbicides were discussed at some length. A concern. by Tom Reller
expressed that "Tordon" does leach so Cro sbowat ddoeatnot hawe ve this
ht kill
was P
a little more plants than we ► oodtah job to.Crossbow
killing the buckthorn.
We
problem but does not do as gine the need Several test plots will be establis hedvaoriouseareas thatewerestreated and
to designate someone to monitor weekly basis.
document growth or die lack of growth on a
continue working in the woods until the
5• The Parks Crew can only will move out of Carroll's Woods
ballfields dry up. At that time they pave G. suggested that w
except for normal maintenance of the trails•e will be
review the various trails and deters 1 to look at wh h one what cnes are to be
required in the near future and
abandoned.
6. Next meeting May17, 1993. 6:30 P.M.
J
TO: Carrolls Wood Committee
FROM: David J. Becht d irector of Parks & Recreation
DATE: April 16, 1992
RE: Meeting of April 20, 1992
REMINDER:
CARROLLS WOODS MEETING:
APRIL 20, 1992
6:30 P.M.
ROSEMOUNT CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS
(ONE HOUR PRIOR TO THE REGULARLY SCHEDULED PARKS & RECREATION
MEETING:)
This short memo is meant to serve as a summary of the meeting we
held on March 16, 1992. Included also are a few of the points we
will need to clarify and discuss at the meeting this coming Monday
evening. April 20, 1992.
MEETING OF MARCH 16, 1992
1. Committee telt that the former group that met to discuss and
to develop the Carrolls Woods Master Plan would serve as the
nucleus for this continuing committee.
2. Encouragement would continue to be given to the school
district to attend and to become active participants in the
committee and in the planning and development of the Carrolls
Woods Park.
3. Additional people asked to serve would be limited to Dan
Beitina and to Dan Nuebauer. It was noted that Mr. Nuebauer
more than likely would not become a member, but rather to join
us in giving professional input to the work we set out to do.
4. Rick Cook, the Parks Maintenance Supervisor, and Dave
Bechtold, the Director of Parks & Recreation, would serve as
in the role of facilitaters, representatives of City issues,
etc., riot actual members of the committee. NOTE: this should
be further clarified at the meeting of April 20, 1992.
S. A president will be selected to lead this committee at our
nexr. meeting. Any other offices such as secretary should also
be discussed.
6. The meeting time selected was 6:30 P.M. on the same evening as
the Parks & Recreation Committee meeting. (the 3rd Monday of
each month)
7. Buckthorn issues were discussed with Dave Bechtold handing out
information from the DNR etc. to the members. Mr. Belting also
shared his thoughts about this subject.
The conclusion drawn was that this will be a long term (never
ending battle) to control the buckthorn growth. There were
several processes for control identified. Included were the
use of herbicides through various methods of application
included with different cutting methods of the buckthorn
plants.
Rick Cook will bring a copy of the video tape of the Brush
Hog to our next meeting. It is a brush cutting machine for use
on a s-kidster loader that could be used in getting rid of
buckthorn growth.
8. The concept of marking out sections of the woods for work and
then to complete test (pilot) projects to check on which
method might work the best was accepted. At our next meeting
we will discuss this process in areater detail.
Rick Cook and Dave Giliusons have volunteered the use of their
back yards for the testing of the Brush Hog. If that if
feasible we will move ahead with that idea. More discussion to
be held on this at the next meeting.
9. Rick Cook and his staff will complete a test plot cutting in
an area of the woods identified in Phase I of the master plan.
They will bring photos and/or a video of the work to the next
meeting. This test (pilot) plot is one of the ways that we
will move ahead in checking methods to work on at this time.
10. Committee members all agreed that we must accept the tact that
moving ahead with the development of this park should be done
1. knowing that this will be a long term project".
The committee feels that there is much to be done! The process
identified should be based upon needs of staffing, funding,
volunteers, time estimates, phasing proposals identified in
the Carrolls Woods Master Plan, etc..
MEETING OF APRIL 20, 1992 / 6:30 P.M. / ROSEMOUNT CITY HALL
1. PICK UP DISCUSSIONS FROM ITEMS OF LAST MEETING
2. SELECT PRESIDENT (AND OTHER OFFICES AS DEEMED NECESSARY)
3. VIEW VIDEOS uF RICK COOK
4. DISCUSS TEST PLOT CONCEPTS (INCLUDING THE ONE STARTED BY RICK)
CARROLLS WOODS SUBCOMMITTEE MEETING
February 22, 1993
6:30 p.m.
MEMBERS PRESENT: Dave Giliuson, Loretta Loesch, Tom Reller, Mark Joosten, Rick Cook
- Tom Reller reported on findings of chemicals.
- Use Tordon and Cross bow and 96% diesel fuel.
- Did not recommend use of EZ-Ject pellets.
- Chemist from Dow Ilanco, Roger Gast, 525-2366.
- Distributor, Terry Gardner, 456-9268 (purchase).
- Apply chemical ASAP after cutting.
- Call Terry Gardner for data sheets on Tordon.
- The next committee meeting date has been changed from March 13, 1993 to March 20, 1993 at
9:00 a.m. until 12:00 noon. Members are to meet on the west side of the high school next to the
hockey rinks to drag brush out of the woods to the chipper. The city will provide a chipper and 1-2
maintenance staff. Each committee member should bring gloves and one or two other people to
help out. An alternate date has been set for March 27, 1993 from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon.
Letters will be sent to the rest of the Carrols Woods Subcommittee members.
1 1 /4" to 2", anything smaller would be cut. Employer discretion will be used. Mark Joosten will
be marking the trees. All trees other than buckthorn will be marked before cutting begins. A
guildine staff will use when marking trees is that trees under 1 1 /4" will be cut.
Next committee meeting is scheduled for March 20, 1993 at Carroll's Woods.
f
3FOARY6, 1993
PRESENT
LORETTA IAESCH
MARK JOOSTEN(STAFF)
DAVID GILIUSON
MIKE BUSHO
CATHY BUSHO
ED HmmRD Recorder
1. Mark Joosten recommended a wood lot study be conducted with the DNR and
that certain species of trees currently dying could provide funds in exchange
for their wood value. He also recommended that the Carroll Woods Committee
look to the DNR for input on possible reforestation plans.
2. Present committee members examined last years test plot and decided that
city staff should beginning cutting buckthorn at the earliest time. It was
decided that they should start cutting at last years test site and move South
through the woods. To make the most of staff's time it was decided they
should be concerned with tagging and cutting only at this time. The committee
will look to employing volunteers to move and chip cut brush.
3. A meeting was scheduled for March 13, 1993 chipper to remove and chip
buckthorn cut by staff. It was asked that each Carrolls Woods Committee
Meamber bring two other individuals to assist in this task. It will be
necessary to request that city staff provide assistance and the chipper for
this project.
4. Mark Joosten and other city staff are to be commended for all they have
done to date considering the limited direction provided. It was decided that
the committee must provide written direction on what is to be accomplished and
identify size and species to be retained or cut.
5. It was asked that Mark Joosten attended the February 22, 1993 meeting. He
identified that he thought he should attend all future meetings.
6. Mark Joosten will continue to research possible herbicides and look at the
most effective opportunities available.
7. A suggestion was made that this committee should search out opportunities
to secure money from all sources to carry on the process established in the
master plan for Carrolls Woods. At the same time raise public awareness of
the problems and progress on the woods. The idea was raised that it will be
necessary to lobby and demand that City Council prioritize and budget funds
for the development laid out in the Master Plan for Carrolls Woods.
8. Attached is a list of items that need to be addressed at the February 22,
1993 meeting.
9. Next Meeting is scheduled for February 22, 1993 at 6:30 at Rosemount City
Hall.
ATTACF=
ITEMS THAT REQUIRE ACTION
1. Insurance question of using volunteers (Ron Pederson)
2. Update on possible herbicides (Tom Reller & Mark Joosen)
3. Should we perform a Wood Lot Study?
4. What species and what size should be saved?
5. Report on Available volunteers (All committee members)
6. Development of a supervisory and safety plan for all volunteers working on
the woods.
7. Method of documenting what is performed on the woods for historical
records and development of future plans.
8. Identification of equipment needs for staff and volunteers that currently
are not available. Look to donations or city funds to secure equipment
shortages.
9. Define in writing direction to staff and volunteers what is to be
accomplished, and sequence these events.
10. Obtain binders with information on Carroll Woods for all committee members
use (Dave Bechtold).
CARROLLS WOODS
COMMITTEE MEETING
JANUARy 19, 1993
MEMBERS PRESENT
LORETTA LOESCH
TOM RELLER
RICK COOK
DAVID GILIUSON
MIKE BUSHO
RON PEDERSON
DAVE BECHTOLD
ED HOWARD Recorder
1. It was decided that this committee will be a free standing panel that will
provide input to the Rosemount Park Commission concerning Carrolls Woods.
2. Dave Bechtold offered to provide all committee members with binders
containing information on Carrolls Woods for their use.
3. Dave Bechtold informed committee members that the city is providing $1500
for herbicides and $3000 for rental equipment such as the Brush Hog.
4. It was identified that the Park Department has five maintenance people to
perform all park improvements, maintenance and work on Carrolls Woods.
5. Rick Cook pointed out the best time to utilize city staff in the woods
would be from the end of February to possibly the end of April.
6. Tom Reller is going to work with Mark on possible herbicides and look at
the most effective opportunities available.
7. A suggestion was made that this committee should search out opportunities
to secure money from all sources to carry on the process established in the
master plan for Carrolls Woods. At the same time raise public awareness of
the problems and progress on the woods. The idea was raised that it will be
necessary to lobby and demand that City Council prioritize and budget funds
for the development laid out in the Master Plan for Carrolls Woods.
8. Ron Pederson offered to talk to the city insurance people to find out the
in what capacity volunteers could be employed on projects for the woods.
9. It was decided that the committee will meet at the old hockey ring on
February 6, 1993 at 10:00AM to define a test plot and procedures to be
employed this year to control and eliminate buckthorn in Carrolls Woods. At
this meeting we are to determine the number of people to utilize, tools, and
procedures for this years project.
10. It was suggested that we enlist support and aid for this years projects
from such groups as the Rosemount Chamber of Commerce, JCs, hockey
committee,Boy Scouts of America, Lions Club, Knights of Columbus, Rosemount
High School and Rosemount Vo-Tech.
11. Next Meeting is scheduled for February 22, 1993 at 6:30PM at the
Rosemount City Hall.
TO: Carrolls Woods Committe
FROM: David J. Bechtol - &Pctor
DATE: December 29, 199
RE: January 18, 1993 Meeting
of Parks & Recreation
Due to a heavy work load this past summer there was not a great
deal of time spent on the Carrolls Woods project. There were short
discussions at the Parks & Recreation Committee meetings, however,
they were basically to give updates on what had taken place during
the preceding month.
When meetings were held the main item for discussion was that of
the buckthorn problem in this park. That remains a major concern
to address. During the budget process for 1993 some dollars were
requested in the general fund to assist with the buckthorn issues.
Staff of the Parks Department did do some cutting of buckthorn and
did some herbicide applications. Results of those efforts will be
clearly identifiable this spring.
The Parks & Recreation Committee feels that it is imperative to
start the meeting process again. There is much to be done in the
areas of funding, projection of projects that can be done,
volunteerism, etc.. Although there is limited funding from the
city budgets much can be accomplished when we all work together
and combine our resources.
The most important aspect of the meeting on January 18th will be
to discuss priorities for the committee to address. As mentioned
above this could deal with volunteerism, funding, project
identification, etc.. It should also include looking closely at
setting meeting goals and schedules. The Parks & Recreation
Committee feels strongly that our committee should function as a
"citizen committee" led by the Chairperson with support by way of
input and involvement from city staff members.
Plan to join the other Carrolls Woods Committee members on the
evening of January 18, 19�93 at 6:30 P. M. in the Rosemount City
Hall.
I have enclosed information received from The Nature Conservancy
that discusses some of the aspects of buckthorn and some methods
of control attempted. (suggested) Others have faced similar
problems with buckthorn that we face. Those that I have contacted
have been willing to share their knowledge and ideas with us.
The
Nature
(:vnservancy
ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT
For
Rhamnus cathartica - Buckthorn, Common buckthorn
Rhamnus frangula - Glossy buckthorn, Fen buckthorn, Alder buckthorn
To the User:
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Conservancy's Stewardship staff and other land managers with current management
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The Nature Conservancy
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PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE
STEW-ABS-RESP
MRO
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
328 E. HENNEPIN AVE.
MINNEAPOLIS, MN. 55414
(612)379-2134
PREPARER
CARMEN K. CONVERSE
(same as above)
NAME
RHAMNUS CATHARTICA
RHAMNUS FRANGULA (PDRHA00080)
COMMON -NAME
BUCKTHORN
OR COMMON BUCKTHORN (R. CATHARTICA)
GLOSSY BUCKTHORN, FEN BUCKTHORN, ALDER BUCKTHORN (R. FRANGULA)
DESCRIPTION
R. cathartica is a deciduous shrub or small tree two to six meters tal
(Rosendahl 1970). Dull green leaves are ovate -elliptic, glabrous
and minutely serrate. Leaf arrangement is alternate or subopposite
(Barnes and Wagner 1981). Gray -black bark and twigs have prominent
lenticels. Glabrous twigs may be tipped with sharp stout thorns
(Rosendahl 1970). Two to six greenish -yellow flowers, having four
petals are born in axillary umbels and are fragrant (Barnes and
Wagner 1981).
R. frangula is a shrub or small tree growing to seven meters (Rosendah
1970). Brown -green branches have elongate lenticels, and may be
slightly pubescent (Soper and Heimburger 1982). Thin glossy leaves
are obovate or elliptic with entire or obscurely crenulate margins.
They are glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath and are usually
alternate. Yellowish -green five parted perfect flowers are born
in sessile umbels.
HABITAT
Range: R. cathartica is native to most of Europe except Iceland
and Turkey; and grows in west and north Asia. R. frangula is native
to North -Africa, Asia, and Europe, except Iceland (Bailey 1976,
Polunin 1969).
In North America, R. cathartica is naturalized from Nova Scotia to
Saskatchewan, south to Missouri and east to Virginia (Soper and
Heimburger 1982). R. frangula occurs from Nova Scotia to Manitoba,
south to Minnesota, Illinois, New Jersey (Soper and Heimburger
1982) and Tennessee (Kral 1981).
Native Habitat (Europe/Asia): Native habitats of R. cathartica are
diverse and include the understory of open oak (Leitner 1984, Tansley
1968), oak -beech, or ash woods (Tansley 1968, Hinneri 1972). It
also occurs in riverine woods (Leitner 1984, Tansley 1968), thickets
on exposed rocky sites (Hinneri 1972), hedgerows (Eldin 1968,
Polunin 1969), pastures (Polunin 1969, Tansley 1968, Duffey et al.
1974) and alkaline shrub carr fens (Godwin and Bharucha 1932,
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 3
2. Exposed mineral soil providing a seed bed (Andreas 1983).
3. Fire supression and cessation of routine mowing (Godwin 19361
Curtis 1946, Vogl 1969, Godwin et al. 1974, White 1965,
Zimmerman 1978, Moran 1981, Gawler 1983).
BIOLOGY -ECOLOGY
Reproduction: Natural reproduction is primarily sexual; asexual
means are absent or insignificant.
Plants of both species reach seed bearing age quickly (Godwin
1936). Flowers of R. cathartica may be polygamous, but are usually
dioecious (Barnes and Wagner 1981) and bloom May through June
during leaf expansion (Fernald 1950). R: frangula blooms in late
May through September, after leaf expansion (Malicky et al. 1970).
Flowers of R. frangula can blossom on current season's growth
(Gleason and Cronquist 1963). In one known case, R. frangula
bloomed and produced fruit on resprouts the same season it was
cut (Brue 1980).
The globose black drupes of R. cathartica ripen in August through
September, and each contains three or four grooved seeds. The sub -
globose drupes of R. frangula are red turning to black. They ripen
in July through August and have two or three ungrooved seeds
(Fernald 1950). Fruit production of both species is abundant each
year (Hubbard 1974), but R. cathartica is apparently more productive
than R. frangula (Lovely 1983, Hasselkus 1983).
Dispersal: Fruit of both species is efficiently dispersed usually
by starlings, blackbirds, woodducks, elk, mice (Ridley 1930), cedar
waxwings, robins and blue jays. Mice are also seed predators (Godwin
1936). Apparently, few bird species readily tolerate the anthran-
quinones (emodin) present especially in the immature fruit, preventing
premature dispersal (Trail and Dimond 1979). R. cathartica retains
fruit into, or throughout, the winter, whereas fruit of R. frangula
more rapidly falls to the ground following ripening (Godwin 1936).
Because R. cathartica fruit is retained on the plant longer and is
therefore more visible to birds, seeds may be dispersed more fre-
quently over longer distances than seeds from R. frangula.
The importance of water dispersal is unknown, but dry fruit of
R. cathartica can float six days and seeds float three days before
sinking. Fresh fruit of R.,-frangula floats 19 days, and dry seed
floats one week (Ridley 1930). This dispersal could be significant
in areas of frequent and extensive fall and winter flooding.
Horticultural distribution of both species increases seed sources
for dispersal by the above vectors.
Establishment: Germination of both species varies because seeds
have either embryo or seed coat dormancy or both require strati-
fication and scarification (Godwin 1936, Hubbard 1974, Tyszkiewicz
and Dabrowska 1953). This variability is not necessarily consistent
within a species (Hubbard 1974) such that germination could be
opportunistic.
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42
PAGE 5
vigorous growth mostly by basal sprouting (Kornev 1952).
Buckthorn affects the survival of co-occurring species. Other woody
plants such as Viburnum opulus L. (in Europe) and Betula pumula L.
,may be replaced by buckthorn, or are unable to invade buckthorn
thickets (Godwin 1936, Lovely 1982).
The effects of buckthorn on herbaceous vegetation is uncertain.
In Wicken Fen, dense thickets of both species altered herbaceous
understory composition (Godwin et al. 1974). Cypripedium candidum
Muhl. crown production decreased in the shade of woody plants in-
cluding R. frangula in a Wisconsin fen (Lovely 1981). In an oak
woods study, R. cathartica did not significantly alter herbaceous
ground cover composition, but did limit growth of other woody
seedling species (Leitner 1984, Brue 1980).
EO-QUAL-DET
<< NO DATA >>
THREATS
<< NO DATA >>
LAND-PROT-SPECS
<< NO DATA >>
RECOVERY -POT
<< NO DATA >>
BIOL-MONIT-NEEDS
<< NO DATA >>
BIOL-MONIT-PROCS
<< NO DATA >>
BIOL-MONIT-PROGS
<< NO DATA >>
RSRCH-NEEDS
U
RSRCH-NEEDS-COMM
<< NO DATA >>
RSRCH-PROGS
U
RSRCH-PROGS-COMM
<< NO DATA >>
MGMT-NEEDS
Y
MGMT-NEEDS-COMM
Composition, especially of upland deciduous woods and of wetlands
may be altered because of invasion of R. cathartica and R. frangula.
These species are invasive for the following reasons:
1. They became widespread in North America when various
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 7
1978).
If herbaceous vegetation exists beneath Rhamnus, fire effectively
top -kills shrubs especially during dry weather (Godwin 1936). In
most cases, however, groundcover is sparse beneath large shrubs or
dense thickets, preventing fire spread unless conditions are dry
and/or windy (Packard 1983). Resprouting usually follows top -kill, -
especially in wetlands where moisture protects the basal crown
(Godwin 1936). Harty (1983) found that burning an oak savanna on a
two year rotation for R. cathartica control resulted in resprouting.
A burning schedule to maintain vigor of native vegetation possibly
prevents easy seedling establishment, unless seed sources are nearby.
If seed sources are near burned areas, fire -exposed soils or peat
probably are more readily invaded by seedlings than groundcover of
unburned areas (Lampa 1984). In some wetlands, lack of flooding
following burning has been shown to increase general woody plant
invasion (Vogl 1969).
Underplanting: "Underplanting" disturbed woods with native woody
species is potentially effective to prevent primary invasion, or
re -invasion of Rhamnus spp. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)
seedlings have been planted in oak woods of the Morton Arboretum
Illinois (Ware 1983), and the University of Wisconsin Arboretum
(Kline 1983). Seedling success was poor in the Illinois planting.
In Wisconsin, sugar maple that were 2 to 3 feet (0.7 to 0.9 m) up
to 8 feet (2.4 m) tall in 1946 when planted, are 4 in. (10.2 cm)
dbh (diameter breast height) and have basal areas of 0.8 sq. dm.
The most invasive species in this planting has been red maple
(A. rubum L.).
Chemical: The following table summarizes chemical treatment. Best
control possible results from the following treatments:
1. Stump application of 20% glyphosate in August/September (Kline
1983).
2. Wick application of 2-1/2 - 3% glyphosate in May (Lampa 1983).
3. Mist application of 2.4 kg/ha fosamine (ammonium salt) in
September (Niehuss and Roediger 1974).
4. Frill application of Picloram (ready to use) during the
growing season (Farrar 1983).
5. Basal application of 2,4-D in diesel fuel at 2-4% (Sannikov and
Tykvina 1971) or 12.5% (Kline 1983) during the first half of the
growing season.
Some special features of herbicide use are as follows:
1. Without a surfactant, glyphosate should not harm non -target
vegetation or surrounding watersheds when used in anaerobic.
situations. It will degrade more slowly in anaerobic than aerobic
conditions (Jackson 1984).
2. Effectiveness of fosamine (ammonium salt) may be related to
downward translocation of plants preparing for dormancy (Niehuss
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 9
* combination of 2,4-D + 2,4-DP, each as 21.9% acid equivalent
or 2 lbs/gal
AMS
Time
Ref. Sp. Rate Appli. method appl. Place Results
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Packard aqueous as stump painting year IL control. Best
1983 concentra- round control on fresh
ted as cuts.
possible
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Glyphosate
Lampa
2.5% to
wick
May-
IL
90-100% control
1983
3%
June
Rhamnus
frangula
---------
Chapman
----------
10%
---------------
mist bottle,
------
Aug.
-------
MI
-----------------
control
1983
stumps less
Rhamnus
than 5 cm dbh
frangula
---------
Chapman
----------
10%
---------------
mist bottle,
------
Aug.
-------
MI
-----------------
resprouting
1983
stumps greater
Sept.
Rhamnus
than 12 cm dbh
frangula
---------
Kline
----------
20%
---------------
stump
------
Aug/
-------
WI
-----------------
100% control
1983
Sept.
Rhamnus
cathar-
tica
(Res.Mgmt
Notes)
---------
Ware
----------
n.a.
---------------
stump (cut fall
------
bud-
-------
IL
-----------------
control
1983
or spring)
break
Rhamnus
to
cathar-
June
tica
Fosamine
(Ammonium salt)
Time
Ref. Sp. Rate Appl. Method appl. Place Results
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Pauly 14% Imist sprayer amid- I WI 160-70%. Recommend
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 11
States where this is being managed and some contacts:
Illinois:
Fran Harty
Illinois Dept. of Conservation
Forestry and Natural Heritage NE Illinois
No. 8 Henson Place
Champaign, IL
217/333-5773
Wayne Lampa
Resource Naturalist Specialist
DuPage Co.
Forest Preserve Dist.
Wheaton, IL
312/790-4900
Steve Packard
The Nature Conservancy
Illinois Field Office
79 West Monroe St., Suite 708
Chicago, IL 60603
312/346-8166
George Ware
Research Director
Morton Arboretum
Lisle, IL 63502
312/968-0074
Indiana
Iowa
Ohio
John Bacone
Director of Division of Natural Preserves
Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources
601 State Office Bldg.
Indianapolis, IN 46204
317/232-4052
Donald R. Farrar
Associate Professor
Department of Botany
Bessey Hall
Ames, IA 50011
515/294-4846
Barb Andreas
216/292-2389
Michigan
Kim Chapman
Department of Biology
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 13
Sanctuary Part II. Green Bay, WI: University of Wisconsin; graduate
credit project.
Chapman, Kim. 1983 Dec. 6. Heritage Botanist, Michigan. Telephone
conversation with C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Coenen, Linda. 1983 Nov. 29. Graduate student, Univ. WI -Madison.
Telephone conversation with C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Curtis, J.T. 1946. Use of mowing in the management of white lady
slipper. J. Wildlife Management 10: 303-308.
Duffey, E.; Morris, M.G.; Sheail, J.; Ward, L.K.; Wells, T.C.E.
1947. Grassland Ecology and Wildlife Management. London, England:
Chapman and Hall, Ltd. 281 p.,
Eglite, A. and Zile, M. 1957. (Destroying trees and shrubs with
2-4-D and 2,4,5-T Na salts.) (Latvian) Latvijas PSR Zinatnu
Akademijas Vestis, Riga No. 3. Taken from: Forestry Abstr. 20(2):
246; 1959 (Abstract No. 1958).
Eldin, H.L. 1968. A modern sylva or a discourse of forest trees:
The smaller native broadleaved trees. Quarterly J. Forestry 62(1):
28-36.
Farrar, Donald. 1983 Dec. 15. Assoc. Prof. Botany, Iowa State
Univ., Ames, IA. Letter to C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th ed. New York:
D. Van Nostrand Co.
Forsyth, J.L. 1974. Geologic conditions essential for the per-
petuation of Cedar Bog, Champaign County, Ohio. Ohio J. of Sci.
74(2): 116-125.
Gawler, S.C. 1983. Shrub invasion in fens: a literature review.
Madison, WI, Univ. WI; 13 p. Wetland ecology class paper; Dept.
Landscape Architecture.
Gleason, H.A.; Crouquist, A. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co. 810 p.
Godwin, H. 1936. Studies in the ecology of Wicken Fen III: The
establishment and development of fen scrub (carr). J. Ecology 24:
82-116.
Godwin, H.; Bharucha, F.R. 1932. Studies in the ecology of Wicken
Fen II. The fen water table and its control of plant communities.
J. Ecology 20(1): 157-191.
Godwin, H.; Clowes, D.R.; Huntley, B. 1974. Studies in the ecology
of Wicken Fen V. Development of fen carr. J. Ecology 62: 197-214.
Hanson, E.W.; Grau, C.R. 1979. The buckthorn menace to oat pro-
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 15
periods.) (French) Bull. de la Soc. Botanique de France. 118(3/4):
131-162. Taken from: Forestry Abstr. 34(4); 1973 (Abstract No. 2139)
Leitner, L.A. 1984 Jan. 13. Letter and summary of research with
Rhamnus cathartica sent to The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional
Office from Univ. WI -Milwaukee, BotanyDept., 5 p. + 3 figs. + one char
Leonard, O.E. 1963. Translocation of herbicides in woody plants.
Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 99-103.
Lovely, D.M. 1981. Wingra Fen vegetation and hydrologic studies.
Submitted to Friends of Univ. WI Arboretum, Madison, WI. 24 p.
Lovely, D.M. 1982. Wingra Fen: 1982 report. Submitted to Friends
of Univ. WI Arboretum, Madison, WI. 26 p.
Lovely, D.M. 1983 Dec. 9. Personal communication at Univ. WI,
Madison.
McClain, William. 1983 Nov. 11. Heritage Botanist, IL Dept. of
Conservation. Telephone conversation with C.K. Converse,
The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Office.
Malicky, H.; Sobhian, R.; Zwolfer, H. 1970. Investigations on the
possibilities of a biological control of Rhamnus cathartica L. in
Canada: Host ranges, feeding sites, and phenology of insects
associated with European Rhamnaceae. Z. angew Ent. 65: 77-97.
Moran, R.C. 1981. Prairie fens in northeastern Illinois: floristic
composition and disturbance. Stuckey, R.L.; Reese, K.J., eds. Proc.
of the 6th North Amer. Prairie Conf. 278 p. (p. 164-168).
Nature Conservancy. London. Toxic chemicals and wildlife section.
1962-1963. Studies on the side effects of arboricides. Extracted
from Report. p. 72-73. Taken from: Forestry Abstr. 25(2); 1964
(Abstract no. 2325).
Niehuss, M.H.; Roediger, K.J. 1974. Ammonium ethyl carbamoylphos-
phonate: A new plant growth regulator for the control of undesirable
brush wood species. Proc. 12th Brit. Weed Control Conf., p. 1015-
1022.
Packard, Steve. 1983. The Nature Conservancy, IL Field Office.
Telephone conversation with C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Parsons, Brian. 1983 Nov. 30. Naturalist, Holden Arboretum. Tele-
phone conversation with C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Pauly, Wayne. 1984 Jan. 3. Dane Co. Naturalist, Madison, WI. Tele-
phone conversation with C.K. Converse, The Nature Conservancy,
Midwest Regional Office.
Polunin, Oleg. 1969. Flowers of the World. London, England: Oxford
University Press.
Raulo, J.; Leikola, M. 1975. (Studies on the annual height growth
PDRHA00050 TNC ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT 08/21/89 14:51:42 PAGE 17
530; 1958 (Abstract No. 4212).
Zimmerman, J.H. 1978. Notes on Wisconsin prairie fens - charac-
teristics and relationships. Glenn -Lewin, D.C.; Landers, R.Q. Jr.,
eds., Proc. of Fifth Midwest Prairie Conf., Dept. Botany and Plant
Pathology, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA. 230 p. (p. 191).
UPDATE
84-08-07
Illinois
Nature Preserves
Vo 1. 1, No. 5 Z4 Commission
Approved 02/06/90
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINE
Exotic Buckthorns
Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.)
Other names: European buckthorn, Hart's thorn, waythorn
rhineberry
Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.)
Other names: Columnar buckthorn, European buckthorn
Dahurian Buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica Pall.)
SPECIES CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Common Buckthorn: This shrub or small tree reaches
heights of 25 feet (7.6 meters); trunk diameter is up to 10
inches (25 cm); crown is spreading and irregular. Bark is
gray to brown, showing a rough texture when mature. Twigs
often are tipped with a spine. Leaves and bud scars are
nearly opposite to opposite. Small black fruits up to 1/4
inch (0.6 cm) diameter and containing 3-4 seeds are typical.
Leaves are broadly elliptic, rounded to pointed at the tip,
and toothed. Both upper and lower leaf surfaces are smooth.
Leaves stay green late into fall.
Dahurian Buckthorn: Similar to common buckthorn,
however leaves, on average, are longer than 2.5 inches (6.4
cm) and are more lance to elliptic in shape. Leaves are brown
in fall.
Glossy Buckthorn: This shrub or small tree reaches
heights up to 20 feet (6.1 meters). No spine is present on
the ends of hairy twigs. Leaves are alternately arranged and
not toothed. The upper leaf surface is shiny, whereas, the
bottom leaf surface is hairy. Leaves range from 1/2 to 3
inches (1.3 to 7.6 cm) and are more or less obtuse in shape.
The fruit is red when young and turns black as it matures.
Flower stalks are hairless or nearly so. Buds are long, with
no bud scales. Leaves stay green late into fall.
SIMILAR SPECIES
Three native buckthorns are found in Illinois. Carolina
buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana) is native to the southern
one -fifth of Illinois and looks similar to glossy buckthorn.
However, Carolina buckthorn grows to a larger size and its
leaves are finely toothed and smooth on both sides. Alder
buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia), found in northern Illinois, is
a small shrub less than 3 feet (0.9 meters) in height. The
twigs of this native buckthorn are hairless and have dark
scales on the buds in winter. Lance -leaved buckthorn
(Rhamnus lanceolata), a shrub up to 6 feet high (1.8 meters)
EXOTIC BUCKTHORNS ' 3 of 6
CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES IN NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF HIGH QUALITY
As with all management, control efforts must balance
improvement of the biotic community with damage caused by the
management. It is always best to take the least damaging
approach that will affect the desired control of an exotic.
The following are effective control measures for exotic
buckthorns.
Fire is very effective in controlling buckthorns and is
the preferred method whenever feasible. Regular prescribed
fire will kill seedlings and shrubs of these species in fire -
adapted upland and wetland (e.g. fens, sedge meadows,
marshes) sites. Some control usually will be evident after
the first burn. However, for complete control in established
stands of buckthorn, burning yearly or every other year may
be required for 5-6 years or more. Fire should not be used to
control these species if the community will be affected
adversely (e.g. some bog communities). To conduct prescribed
burns, open burning permits must be obtained from the
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and often the
appropriate local agency also. Burns should be conducted by
persons trained or experienced in conducting prescribed
burns, and proper safety precautions should be followed.
In wetlands, where the water table has been artificially
lowered, restoration of water levels often will kill glossy
buckthorn. Care should be taken not to flood sensitive
communities by raising water levels higher than occurred
historically.
When burning is not feasible, larger trees can be cut or
girdled and resprouts clipped as they occur. When using
chainsaws and other power equipment, proper safety equipment
and precautions need to be used. For safety recommendations
refer to your chainsaw owner's manual. For girdling to be
effective, use an ax or saw to make 2 parallel cuts 4-5 inches
apart, cutting through the bark slightly deeper than the
cambium. The bark is then either knocked off, using a blunt
object like an ax head, or peeled away, using a blunt ax
blade. Phloem should be removed without damaging the xylem.
Girdles should be checked after a few weeks to make sure that
bark does not develop over the cut area. Girdled trees take
time to die and the results may not be seen until a year
later. Basically, the tree is slowly starving to death. All
suckers should be cut.
In upland areas where burning is not feasible, cut
stumps can be treated with Trimec (a formulation of 2,4-D,
MCCP and Dicamba) or Roundup (formulation of glyphosate) to
prevent resprouting. Trimec, an herbicide specific for
broadleaf plants, should be diluted with an equal portion of
water and applied according to label instructions. Roundup
is non-specific and kills all photosynthetically active
vegetation. Although the Roundup label recommends a rate of
EXOTIC BUCKTHORNS 5 of 6
In wetland areas, buckthorn can be cut or girdled and
the cut stumps treated with Rodeo as described above. Any
resprouts should be cut and stump -treated again, or else hand
sprayed with a 1.5% foliar spray of Rodeo herbicide. Care
should be taken to avoid herbicide contact with nontarget
plants. As with most exotic plant control projects, follow-
up treatments may be needed.
FAILED OR INEFFECTIVE PRACTICES
No effective biological controls that are feasible in
natural areas are known.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Robert M. Mohlenbrock and the Southern Illinois
University Press generously permitted use of illustrations
from their Illustrated Flora of Illinois.
REFERENCES
Apfelbaum, S.I. 1984. Buckthorn control with herbicide
tested (Illinois). Restoration & Management Notes 2(1):36.
Beste, C.E. 1983. Herbicide handbook, 3rd ed. Weed Society
of America. Champaign, IL. 515 pp.
Converse, C.K. 1985. Rhamnus cathartica and Rhamnus
frangula. The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship
Abstract. 17 pp.
Hefty, R. 1984. Buckthorn control with 2,4-D/2,4-DP
(Wisconsin) Restoration & Management Notes 2(1):36.
Klein, V. 1981. Control of honeysuckle and buckthorn in oak
forests (Wisconsin). Restoration & Management Notes
1(1):18.
Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm 1979. Plants of the Chicago region.
The Morton Arboretum. Lisle, IL. 922 pp.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Glass, Bill. 1989. Division of Natural Heritage, Department
of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois.
Laurie, Dennis. 1989. Lake County Forest Preserve District,
Libertyville, IL.
Packard, Steve. 1989. The Nature Conservancy, Chicago,
Illinois.
57. Rhamnus cathartica (Common Buckthorn). a. Leafy branch, with Bowers,
x'Y.. b. Staminate flower, x 12Vz. c. Fruit, x2Vs. d. Nutlet, x5.
i
� .11
• i •
S8. Rhamnus davurica (Buckthorn). a. Leafy branch with fruits, x Vi. b. Stam-
inate flower, x 5. c. Pistillate flower, x 5. d. Fruit, x I
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