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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1312 - ANIMAL ORDINANCE MONKEYS 2002 BULERAInformation for Consideration Re: Animal Ordinance Monkeys Presented by Karrie Bulera Todd Anderson 4290 147 Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 Enclosed in this packet you will find: The State of Florida regulations for captive wildlife Correspondence between me and the City Petitions and Letters of support some submitted to the Planning Commission April 2001 current petition dated May 3, 2002, and support letters Miscellaneous health information letters Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic and Domestic Pets o Avian species o Reptiles and Fish o Rabbits o Hedgehogs o Ferrets o Guinea Pigs o Pocket Pets such as Mice, Rats, Hamsters, and Gerbils o Dogs o Cats o Farm Animals o Primates Rabies information in Wild and Domestic animals D. Dog Bite Information Miscellaneous Information o The Simian o Helping Hands Florida regulations for captive wildlife Capri e Wildlife Regulations Page 1 of47 Home l Fishrng Hunting 1 Licenses j Support Wildlife l Help j Site Map 1 Search Statute /Rule Number 372.921 372 922 68A -6 0011 68A -6 002 68A -6 0021 68A -6 0022 68A- 6,0023 68A -6,003 68A -6 004 68A- 6.0041 68A -6 0042 68A -6 005 68A -6 006 Frequently Asked Questions REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE IMPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND POSSESSION OF WILD ANIMALS History of Captive Wildlife Regulations in Florida Subject History of Captive Wildlife Regulations in Florida Summary of Captive Wildlife Requirements Exhibition of Wildlife Personal Possession of Wildlife Possession of Wildlife in Captivity, Permit Requirements Categories of Captive Wildlife Possession or Transfer of Class I Wildlife as Personal Use Wildlife, Transfer of Wildlife Possession of Wildlife in Captivity, Permits General Regulations Governing Possession of Captive Wildlife Structural Caging Requirements for Class I, II, and III Wildlife Standard Caging Requirements for Captive Wildlife Exceptions to Standard Caging Requirements For Captive Wildlife Elephant Rides Transportation Requirements for Wildlife, Caging Requirements for Performing and Non Performing Animals Dealing in Exotic or Pet Birds Records For More Information Applications In 1967 the Legislature enacted Florida Statute 372.921, charging the Commission with the regulation of native and exotic captive wildlife The Statute provided for licensing of all wildlife kept for public display or sale and further charged the agency with developing regulations to ensure wildlife was humanely and safely kept The law also gave the Commission the power to seize and confiscate illegally held wildlife At this time in Florida's history, main highways were lined with "roadside menageries" holding wildlife under squalid conditions in cramped caging Complaints from tourists streamed into governmental offices demanding action to improve conditions http /flortdaconservation otg /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 2 of 47 The new law established a "Wildlife Criteria Committee" to develop the first captive wildlife regulations The Committee included a member from the Florida Attractions Association, several zoo owners, a state health officer, and Commission representatives After several years of work, the new regulations became effective in 1970 This made the Commission the first governmental agency in the world to develop minimum pen specifications These regulations set the national and international standards and were adopted by many states and some foreign governments In 1973, a specialized law enforcement program, called Wildlife Inspections, was created to relieve wildlife officers from the responsibility of exhibit inspections Up until that time, zoo inspections required two individuals a wildlife biologist to serve as an "expert witness" in court regarding sanitation /wildlife caging discrepancies, and a wildlife officer to make arrests or direct other enforcement action The wildlife inspectors would fill both niches, by having a zoology degree and law enforcement training and authority Inspectors received specialized training in zoo management and husbandry, exotic wildlife identification, and developed in -depth inspection criteria They also received training in the re- capture of escaped exotic wildlife and venomous reptiles using a variety of tranquilization techniques and snake handling equipment Inspectors found that many roadside zoos were below the required specifications and chose to go out of business rather than comply Others rebuilt caging to the minimum standards The current responsibilities of inspectors include regulating the importation, exportation, possession, sale and exhibition of wildlife and freshwater aquatic life for commercial and private use In 1974, the Legislature again became involved in wildlife regulation and enacted the "Personal Pet Law," under Chapter 372 922, F S The law was necessary due to tragic attacks by lions, leopards, and other dangerous animals being kept as pets by private individuals For example, an Orlando man was killed and partially eaten by his pet lion The new law required the Commission to establish a list of dangerous and potentially dangerous wildlife that would be prohibited as pets, or highly restricted for personal use The Commission again formed a committee of experts to address the listing of such animals Called the "Personal Pet Council," it included members from the Long Island Ocelot Club, the Simian Society, a state health officer, and Commission representatives The Council recommended Class I and Class II wildlife species and restrictions that were subsequently codified into Commission regulations These regulations are among the most effective in the nation due to the input of industry representatives. From less than 1,000 licensed entities in 1967, the wildlife industry has grown into a multi million dollar business with nearly 8,000 entities licensed to possess wildlife for exhibition, public sale, or personal use Conditions at Florida attractions have improved tenfold over the last 30 years due to vigorous enforcement of specialized regulations under the Commission's "total program" approach. In 1994, the Commission determined that a review and update of the captive wildlife regulations was in order Executive Director, Dr Allan L Egbert, appointed a 10- member "Captive Wildlife Committee" and charged them with the task of reviewing all current regulations The Committee included a diverse group of professionals, representing a wide array of expertise in the captive wildlife field and related professions Three Commission representatives also served on the Committee The review work began in February of 1994 The charge of the Committee was to perform a comprehensive review of regulations in Rule 68A -6, Florida Administrative Code First, they were to compare the current requirements with the latest zoo husbandry practices to determine if the required cage sizes and accessories needed adjustment This was a monumental task when one considers virtually every species /group of wildlife in the world had to be addressed in the regulations The Committee also compared laws from other states and the Federal Government on captive wildlife From these sources and their own in -house expertise, they developed the proposed changes The Committee also brought in various subject "experts" to evaluate potential changes for certain species. http /florrdaconservanon oig /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 i Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 3 of 47 The revised regulations also had to maintain the highest possible humane and safety standards. The Committee sought to reduce restrictions where possible when it would not compromise the safety of wildlife or the public The Committee was structured to obtain input from zoo officials, private wildlife keepers, and animal welfare groups through its representative membership The Committee completed the first draft in 1996 Two public workshops were held and over 4,000 people were provided with copies of the regulations After receiving public comment and making appropriate changes, the regulations were passed in November of 1997 They became effective in February, 1998 Summary of Captive Wildlife Requirements: 1. Required Permits and Licenses for Captive Wildlife Summary: To possess wildlife (Class I, II, or III) for exhibition and /or public sale, a license is required under Chapter 372 921, Florida Statutes Potentially dangerous wildlife may be possessed for personal use (Class II) only under a special license as specified in Chapter 372 922, F 5 No cost permits are available to possess certain wildlife species for personal use (Class III, i e raccoons, opossums, skunks, and squirrel monkeys) Some common and innocuous species of wildlife have been exempted from permit requirements for personal use (i e parrots, parakeets, squirrels, non venomous snakes, turtles, and rabbits), but possessors must still comply with caging and humane requirements Venomous reptiles may only be possessed under license as per Chapter 372 86-91, F S (information on venomous reptiles is available upon request) Traveling zoos must comply with specific guidelines and those entities desiring to use elephants for rides must obtain special authorization Persons operating game farms or hunting preserves must be licensed as per Chapter 372 16 F S and Chapter 372 661, F.S respectively (information on these operations is available upon request). In addition to the applicable statutes outlining general licensing and permitting procedures, persons desiring to possess and maintain wildlife must adhere to specific requirements addressed in Commission regulations. Below is a brief summary of the requirements for each captive wildlife statute and rule Please read the summaries and then consult the referenced page(s) in the index for a complete review of the requirements. Applicants and licensees will be held accountable for full compliance with the statutes and regulations. This includes maintaining wildlife in a sanitary, safe, humane manner, and protecting the public at all times Wildlife escapes or injuries to the public as the result of mishandling are considered very serious violations Failure to comply with requirements may result in legal action and /or revocation of authorization to possess wildlife Such actions are necessary to protect wildlife and the public Possession of captive wildlife in Florida is a privilege, not a right Wildlife held in captivity is subject to inspection by Commission personnel without prior notification. Section I- Wildlife Possessed for Exhibition, Public Sale, or for Personal Use (A) Applicable Statutes 1 Chapter 372.921, F.S., Exhibition and Sale of Wildlife The purpose of this Statute is to ensure humane treatment and sanitary surroundings for wild animals kept in captivity for public display or sale It charges the Commission with licensing those who desire to offer wildlife for sale, or exhibit them for a fee or otherwise Applicants for permits must show the place, number, and type of wildlife they plan to possess Caging facilities are subject to inspection prior to authorization and applicants must have the required experience License fees range from $5 http /floridaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Capun.c q ildlife Regulations Page 4 of 47 for up to 10 animals and $25 for over 10 animals Commercial operations are generally characterized by (1) a regular media advertising campaign, (2) signs, billboards, or flyers advertising commercial wildlife services or operations, (3) regular "open for business" hours, and (4) written business is conducted on printed letterhead paper, indicating the name of the company 2, Chapter 372 922, F S Personal Possession of Wildlife All individuals planning to possess wildlife for "personal use" (as opposed to commercial use) listed in Class II of Rule 68A -6 002 must submit a $100 permit fee per annum and meet the experience and facility qualifications as outlined in 68A -6 0022 (B) Applicable Regulations 1 Rule 68A -6 0011, Possession of Wildlife in Captivity, Permit Requirements The purpose of this Rule is to provide the basic foundation for the legal possession of wildlife It specifies that no person shall possess native or nonnative wildlife except by license /permit, or as otherwise authorized by the Commission Facilities operating solely as research facilities and licensed under the Federal Animal Welfare Act are exempt from the provisions of Commission wildlife rules Also, those entities ranching ratites (ostrich, emu, rhea, cassowary) for meat, hides, or skins are exempt. 2. Rule 68A- 6.002, Categories of Captive Wildlife For the purpose of public safety, wildlife has been divided into several categories or classes that help define the behavioral characteristics inherit in wild animals Because husbandry and security issues vary according to the size and temperament of the species, applicants must meet certain qualifications specific to the class of wildlife desired Each class also has specific requirements for caging construction and safety access This Rule defines the different wildlife classes Class I, II, and III wildlife species are defined Class I wildlife are dangerous species and (i e lions, tigers, chimpanzees) that may not be kept as personal pets and may only be possessed for exhibition or other bona -fide uses under Chapter 372 921, F S Class II wildlife is potentially dangerous (i e cougars, wolves, macaques) and may only be possessed for exhibition or sale and by experienced private individuals who can qualify to possess them for personal use under Chapter 372 921 and Rule 68A -6 0022. Class III wildlife includes all wildlife not listed as I or II 3. Rule 68A 6.0021, Possession or Transfer of Class I Wildlife as Personal Use Wildlife; Transfer of Wildlife This Rule is designed to help ensure the welfare of wildlife and the public through the tracking of animal sales It is unlawful for any person to buy, sell or transfer wildlife to or from an unpermitted entity within Florida Sellers must record and maintain certain information on those who purchase wildlife The information must be made available for inspection by Commission employees upon request 4. Rule 68A 6.0022, Possession of Wildlife in Captivity; Permits The purpose of this Rule is to protect wildlife and the public by limiting authorization to keep animals to qualified individuals residing in areas where caging and enclosures are authorized It specifies the required application procedures and applicant experience /facility requirements to possess wildlife This includes ensuring that cages or enclosures are not in violation of county zoning laws It also lists Class III wildlife that have been exempted from permitting requirements when kept for personal use 5 Rule 68A- 6.0023, General Regulations Governing Possession of Captive Wildlife http /tloridaconservation 01 g q &a /captive htinl 04/25/2002 Captn e 1\ ildlife Regulations Page 5 of 47 Wildlife kept in captivity must be housed I n a safe and humane manner This Rule specifies that no person shall keep captive wildlife in any unsafe or unsanitary condition, or in a manner which results in threats to the public safety, or the maltreatment or neglect of wildlife Any condition which results in wildlife escaping or injuring persons is considered a violation Standards for the cleaning of cages and enclosures, food and water quality, and maintenance requirements are outlined The provisions also include procedures for public contact with wildlife, including safety and handling parameters for Class I wildlife in "full contact" and "incidental contact" situations 6. Rule 68A- 6.003, Structural Caging Requirements for Wildlife Wildlife caging must be strong and secure to protect the public, the animals, and the environment The purpose of this Rule is to enhance public safety and reduce wildlife escapes The Rule specifies the type and strength of materials necessary for the construction of cages and enclosures for keeping Class I, II, and III wildlife safely It includes requirements for security fencing and that cages holding Class I and II animals be equipped with a safety entrance to protect handlers and prevent escapes 7. Rule 68A- 6.004, Standard Caging Requirements Humane treatment of wildlife requires cages and enclosures that meet the physical and psychological needs of the animals. This Rule establishes required enclosure dimensions for most wildlife species. Together with sizes, the Rule requires appropriate shelters, dens, nest boxes, exercise apparatus, and other necessary comfort and security needs to provide a safe, healthy, and humane environment for captive wildlife "Environmental enhancements" are also required for most species These are items that will stimulate the animals' natural foraging and activity behaviors to provide for their psychological well -being For example, enhancements for big cats might include boxes, balls, or rawhide chewing items The Rule provides for deviation from specific enclosure length /width measurements under certain circumstances Also, since most captive wildlife need socialization with others of the same species, many standard cage sizes require sufficient space for two or more animals NOTE: IT IS ILLEGAL TO CONFINE WILDLIFE IN CAGES OR ENCLOSURES WHICH CONTAIN MORE INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS, OR ARE SMALLER IN DIMENSION THAN SPECIFIED, OR NOT EQUIPPED AS REQUIRED (EXCEPT AS DEFINED UNDER RULE 68A- 6.0041, EXEMPTIONS TO STANDARD CAGING REQUIREMENTS). IN ADDITION, THOSE ENTITIES LICENSED OR PERMITTED TO POSSESS WILDLIFE PRIOR TO DECEMBER 31, 1997, ARE "GRANDFATHERED" AND ARE NOT REQUIRED TO MEET THE NEW CAGING SPECIFICATIONS UNTIL JANUARY 1, 2000. 8. Rule 68A -6 0041, Exceptions to the Standard Caging Requirements Wildlife held under certain conditions do not have to be placed in standard -sized cages Examples include newborn and Juvenile animals and wildlife held for sale at exotic wildlife auctions, exotic bird shows, and herptile exhibitions The Rule stipulates animals held under such conditions must abide by strict sanitary and humane standards 9. Rule 68A -6 0042, Elephant Rides This rule is designed to provide a greater margin of safety for the public as well as protect elephants used for riding purposes Exhibitors must qualify for special authorization by submitting documentation that the elephants to be used have good safety records, elephants will be strictly supervised by experienced handlers, and safety barriers will be erected at the ride site to protect the general public Other restrictions also apply 10 Rule 68A -6 005, Transportation Requirements for Wildlife; Caging Requirements for Performing and Non Performing Animals http /floridaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive W. ilditte Regulations Page 6 of 47 This Rule contains parameters for the humane and safe transportation of wildlife within the state It includes requirements that performing animal traveling acts obtain prior authorization from the Commission to use small traveling cages They must document and submit exhibition dates, locations of shows, and performing /exercise schedules Performing animals must be exercised or perform at least once every 72 hours Non performing acts must have larger caging as specified by the Rule and the animals may not be confined in the caging for more than 45 days out of each 90 -day period 372.921 Exhibition of Wildlife Back to Top (1) In order to provide humane treatment and sanitary surroundings for wild animals kept in captivity, no person, firm, corporation, or association shall have, or be in possession of, in captivity for the purpose of public display with or without charge or for public sale any wildlife, specifically birds, mammals, and reptiles, whether indigenous to Florida or not, without having first secured a permit from the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission authorizing such person, firm, or corporation to have in its possession in captivity the species and number of wildlife specified within such permit, however, this section does not apply to any wildlife not protected by law and the regulations of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2) The fees to be paid for the issuance of permits required by subsection (1) shall be as follows: (a) For not more than 10 individual specimens in the aggregate of all species, the sum of $5 per annum (b) For over 10 individual specimens in the aggregate of all species, the sum of $25 per annum The fees prescribed by this section shall be submitted to the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission with the application for permit required by subsection (1) and shall be deposited in the State Game Fund (3) An applicant for a permit shall be required to include in her or his application a statement showing the place, number, and species of wildlife to be held in captivity by the applicant and shall be required upon request by the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to show when, where, and in what manner she or he came into possession of any wildlife acquired subsequent to the effective date of this act The source of acquisition of such wildlife shall not be divulged by the commission except in connection with a violation of this section or a regulation of the commission in which information as to source of wildlife is required as evidence in the prosecution of such violation (4) Permits issued pursuant to this section and places where wildlife is kept or held in captivity shall be subject to inspection by officers of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission at all times The commission shall have the power to release or confiscate any specimens of any wildlife, specifically birds, mammals, or reptiles, whether indigenous to the state or not, when it is found that conditions under which they are being confined are unsanitary, or unsafe to the public in any manner, or that the species of wildlife are being maltreated, mistreated, or neglected or kept in any manner contrary to the provisions of chapter 828, any such permit to the contrary notwithstanding Before any such wildlife is confiscated or released under the authority of this section, the owner thereof shall have been advised in writing of the existence of such unsatisfactory conditions, the owner shall have been given 30 days in which to correct such conditions, the owner shall have failed to correct such conditions, the owner shall have had an opportunity for a proceeding pursuant to chapter 120, and the commission shall have ordered such confiscation or release after careful consideration of all evidence in the particular case in question The final order of the commission shall constitute final agency action (5) In instances where wildlife is seized or taken into custody by the commission, said owner or http /floudaconservation org /q&a; captive html 04/25/2002 Capri e Wildlife Regulations Page 7 of 47 possessor of such wildlife shall be responsible for payment of all expenses relative to the capture, transport, boarding, veterinary care, or other costs associated with or incurred due to seizure or custody of wildlife Such expenses shall be paid by said owner or possessor upon any conviction or finding of guilt of a criminal or noncriminal violation, regardless of adjudication or plea entered, of any provision of chapter 828 or this chapter, or rule of the commission or if such violation is disposed of under s 921 187. Failure to pay such expense may be grounds for revocation or denial of permits to such individual to possess wildlife (6) Any animal on exhibit of a type capable of contracting or transmitting rabies shall be immunized against rabies. (7) The provisions of this section relative to licensing do not apply to any municipal, county, state, or other publicly owned wildlife exhibit The provisions of this section do not apply to any traveling zoo, circus, or exhibit licensed as provided by chapter 205 (8) This section shall not apply to the possession, control, care, and maintenance of ostriches, emus, and rheas, except those kept and maintained primarily for exhibition purposes in zoos, carnivals, circuses, and other establishments where such species are kept for display to the public. (9) A violation of this section is punishable as provided by s. 372.8 372.922 Personal possession of wildlife Back to Top (1) It is unlawful for any person or persons to possess any wildlife as defined in this act, whether indigenous to Ronda or not, until she or he has obtained a permit as provided by this section from the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2) The classifications of types of wildlife and fees to be paid for the issuance of permits shall be as follows (a) Class I-- Wildlife which, because of its nature, habits, or status, shall not be possessed as a personal pet (b) Class II-- Wildlife considered to present a real or potential threat to human safety, the sum of $100 per annum (3) The commission shall promulgate regulations defining Class I and II types of wildlife The commission shall also establish regulations and requirements necessary to ensure that permits are granted only to persons qualified to possess and care properly for wildlife and that permitted wildlife possessed as personal pets will be maintained in sanitary surroundings and appropriate neighborhoods (4) In instances where wildlife is seized or taken into custody by the commission, said owner or possessor of such wildlife shall be responsible for payment of all expenses relative to the capture, transport, boarding, veterinary care, or other costs associated with or incurred due to seizure or custody of wildlife Such expenses shall be paid by said owner or possessor upon any conviction or finding of guilt of a criminal or noncriminal violation, regardless of adjudication or plea entered, of any provision of chapter 828 or this chapter, or rule of the commission or if such violation is disposed of under s 921 187 Failure to pay such expense may be grounds for revocation or denial of permits to such individual to possess wildlife. (5) Any person, firm, corporation, or association exhibiting or selling wildlife and being duly permitted http //floridaconservation org /q,a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 8 of 47 as provided by s 372 921 shall be exempt from the requirement to obtain a permit under the provisions of this section (6) This section shall not apply to the possession, control, care, and maintenance of ostriches, emus, and rheas, except those kept and maintained primarily for exhibition purposes in zoos, carnivals, circuses, and other establishments where such species are kept for display to the public (7) Persons in violation of this section shall be punishable as provided in s. 372.83 Back to Top 68A- 6.0011 Possession of Wildlife in Captivity; Permit Requirement. (1) Except as otherwise provided in this Title, no person shall possess any native or nonnative wildlife in captivity except as authorized by permit issued in accordance with ss. 372 921 or 372 922, F.S and as provided in this chapter (2) The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to entities operating solely as research facilities, which are registered and regulated as such in accordance with Animal Welfare Act (7 U S.C. 2131, et. seq and regulations promulgated thereunder (3) The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to persons possessing the following non native wildlife species exclusively for the purpose of production of meat, skins or hides, feathers or progeny thereof, and not for personal possession or public display or exhibition (a) Ostrich (b) Cassowary (c) Rhea (d) Emu Specific Authority Art. IV, Sec Art, IV, Sec 9, Fla Const 372 Previously numbered 39 -6 011, http /flondaconservation org /q &a captive html 9, Fla. Const 372.021, 372.921, 372.922, F S. Law Implemented: 921, 372.922, F 5 History New 6- 21 -82, Amended 7 -1 -84; Amended 6 -1 -86, 5- 10 -87, 4- 13 -88, 07 -1 -90, 4 -20 -93 Back to Top 68A -6.002 Categories of Captive Wildlife. (1) The commission hereby establishes the following categories of wildlife. (a) Class I: 1 Chimpanzees (genus Pan) 2 Gorillas (genus Gonlla) 3. Gibbons (genus Hylobates) 4 Drills and mandrills (genus Mandnllus) 04/25/2002 Captive W ildhfc Regulations Page 9 of 47 5 Orangutans (genus Pongo) 6 Baboons (genus Papato) 7 Siamangs (genus Sympha/angus) 8. Gelada baboons (genus Theropithecus) 9 Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) 10. Leopards (Panthera pardus) 11 Jaguars (Panthera onca) 12 Tigers (Panthera 13. Lions (Panthera leo) 14. Bears (family Ursidae) 15. Rhinoceros (family Rhinocerotidae) 16. Elephants (family Elephantidae) 17. Hippopotamuses (family Hippopotamidae) 18 Cape buffalos (Syncerus caffer caffer) 19. Crocodiles (except dwarf and Congo) (family Crocodilidae) 20. Gavials (family Gavialidae) 21 Black caimans (Me /anosuchus niger) 22. Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensts) (b) Class II: 1. Howler monkeys (genus A /ouatta) 2. Uakaris (genus Cacajao) 3. Mangabeys (genus Cercocebus) 4 Guenons (genus Ceropithecus) 5. Bearded sakes (genus Chiropotes) 6 Guereza monkeys (genus Colobus) 7. Celebes black apes (genus Colobus) http /tloridaconseivation org/q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captive ildlite Regulations Page 10 of 47 8 Idris (genus Indri) 9. Macaques (genus Macaca) 10 Langurs (genus Presbytis) 11. Douc langurs (genus Pygathnx) 12. Snub -nosed langurs (genus Phinopithecus) 13. Proboscis monkeys (genus Nasalis) 14 Servals (Leptadurus serval) 15 European and Canadian lynx (Lynx lynx) 16 Cougars, panthers (Puma concolor) 17. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) 18. Cheetahs (Acinonyxlabatus) 19. Caracals (Caracal caracal) 20 African golden cats (Profelis aurata) 21 Temminck's golden cats (Profehs temmincki) 22. Fishing cats (Pnonatlurus vivernna) 23 Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) 24. Clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) 25. Coyotes (Cants latrans) 26 Gray wolves (Canis lupus) (including wolf x domestic hybrids which are 25 percent or less domestic dog) 27 Red wolves (Canis niger) (including wolf x domestic hybrids which are 25 percent or less domestic dog) 28 Asiatic jackals (Canis aureus) 29 Black- backed jackals (Cams mesomelas) 30. Side- striped jackals (Canis adustus) 31 Indian dholes (Cuon alpinus) 32 African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) http /flondaconservation org /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 11 of47 33. Wolverines (Gulo gulo) 34 Honey badgers (Mellivora capens,$) 35. American badgers (Taxides taxus) 36 Old World badgers (Meles me /es) 37 Binturongs (Arctrcbs bnturong) 38 Hyenas (all species) (family Hyaenidae) 39. Dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetrasprs) 40. Alligators, caimans (except American alligator) (family Alligatoridae) 41. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 42 Cassowary (Casuanus spp.) (c) Class III: All other wildlife not listed herein, except those for which a permit is not required pursuant to rule 68A -6 0022, F A C (2) Except as provided in s. 68A- 6.0021, Class I wildlife shall not be possessed for personal use (3) Persons possessing any captive wildlife for purposes of public display or sale shall obtain a permit as specified in s 372 921, F S. (4) Persons possessing Class II wildlife as personal use wildlife shall purchase a permit as provided in s. 372 922, F S (5) Persons possessing Class III wildlife as personal use wildlife shall obtain a no -cost permit from the Executive Director American alligators shall not be possessed as personal use wildlife and shall be possessed only in accordance with permits issued under rule 68A -9 002, F.A C ss 372 6673 or 372 921, Florida Statutes Specific Authority Art. IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const 372 921, 372 922, F S History New 8 -1 -79, Amended 12 -3 -79, 6 -4 -81, 6- 21 -82, Formerly 39 -6 02, Amended 6 -1 -86, 7 -1 -90, 7 -1 -92, 9 -15 -96 68A- 6.0021 Possession or Transfer of Class I Wildlife. (1) Any Class I wildlife possessed for personal use accordance with the provisions for Class II wildlife use Back to Top Wildlife as Personal Use Wildlife; Transfer of on August 1, 1980, shall be eligible for a permit in No other Class I wildlife shall be kept for personal (2) It shall be unlawful for any person to buy, sell, or transfer any wildlife to or from an unpermitted http /floridaconseryation org /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 uptn e Wildlife Regulations Page 12 of 47 entity within Florida The recipient's name, address and the permit or license number, if required, shall be entered in the transferor's records and made available for inspection upon request of Commission employees for a period of one year after the transfer (3) Persons possessing Class I wildlife for personal use shall comply with all provisions of this chapter relating to the personal use of wildlife. Specific Authority Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const 372 021, 372 921, 372 922, F.S Law Implemented 372 16, 372 86, 372 921, 372 922, F S History New 6- 21 -82, 6 -1 -86, 4 -11 -90 Back to Top 68A- 6.0022 Possession of Wildlife in Captivity; Permits. (1) Permits to possess wildlife in captivity, issued pursuant to ss 372 921 or 372 922, F S and the provisions of this chapter, shall authorize the keeping of captive wildlife, of the type and number specified in applications approved by the Commission, in accordance with law and Commission rules. Captive wildlife maintained under permit shall, unless otherwise authorized, be maintained only at the facility specified in the permit application and approved by the Commission (2) No permit shall be required to possess the following wildlife for personal use, unless possession of a species is otherwise regulated by other rules of the Commission' (a) Reptiles, amphibians (nonvenomous, unprotected) (b) Gerbils, hedgehogs (c) Honey possums, sugar gliders, brushtailed possums (d) Shell parakeets (e) Rats and mice (f) Canaries (g) Moles; shrews (h) Rabbits (i) Squirrels; chipmunks (I) Ferrets (domestic, European) (k) Lovebirds (I) Guinea pigs (m) Cockatiels (n) Hamsters (o) Parrots http /flondaconservatron org /q &a/capttve html 04/25/2002 Captne w!ldlife Regulations, Page 13 of47 (p) Finches (q) Myna birds (r) Toucans (s) Doves, ringed, ruddy, and diamond (t) Button quail (u) Prairie dogs (v) Chinchillas (3) No permit shall be required for the sale of poultry, hamsters, guinea pigs, domestic rats and mice, gerbils, or chameleons (Anolis) (4) No permit shall be issued to any person to possess Class III wildlife for personal use unless such person can provide documentation of the following (a) Be 16 years of age or older (b) Application for permits to possess Class III shall include the satisfactory completion of a questionnaire developed by the Commission that assesses the applicant's knowledge of general husbandry, nutritional, and behavioral characteristics Applicants for permits to possess capuchin, spider, or woolly monkeys shall meet the experience and examination requirements for Class II primates and shall maintain such wildlife in cages or enclosures which meet the structural requirements as specified in Rule 68A -6 003(2)(e), F A C (c) Be able to provide satisfactory caging facilities as required in the standard caging requirements, Rule 68A -6 004, F.A C within 30 days of notification of tentative approval for a permit (d) Ensure that the conditions under which the wildlife will be held shall not constitute a threat to the public or to the animal (5) Qualification requirements for a permit to possess Class I or Class II wildlife (a) All applicants shall qualify for permits as follows: 1 Age Requirement: Applicants to possess Class I or Class II wildlife shall be at least 18 years of age. 2. Applicants shall not have been convicted of any violation of captive wildlife regulations, any offense involving the illegal commercialization of wildlife, or offenses involving cruelty to animals, within three (3) years of the date of application 3. Experience Requirement for Class I permits: a Applicants shall demonstrate no less than one (1) year of substantial practical experience (to consist of no less than 1000 hours) in the care, feeding, handling and husbandry of the species for which the permit is sought, or other species, within the same biological order (except ratites which shall be in the same biological sub order), which are substantially similar in size, characteristics, care and nutritional requirements to the species for which the permit is sought http /floridaconservation org /q &a'captive html 04/25/2002 Captor e Wildlife Regulations Page 14 of 47 b For purposes of demonstrating compliance, applicants shall submit documentation of such experience, including I A description of the specific experience acquired II. The dates the experience was obtained and the specific location(s) where acquired III References of no less than two (2) individuals having personal knowledge of the applicant's stated experience Additional documentation may include records of prior permits for the keeping of captive wildlife, employment records, and any other competent documentation of the requisite experience c. Documented educational experience in zoology or other relevant biological sciences, obtained at the college or technical school level or above, may substitute for up to six months or 500 hours of the required experience 4 Experience and examination requirements for Class II permits' a. Applicants may qualify for a permit for Class II wildlife by documenting one year of experience (to consist of no less than 1000 hours) as defined in 68A -6 0022(5)(a)3 a -c above If the applicant is unable to document such experience, as an alternative, the applicant may take a written examination. The successful completion of a written examination for the particular species or family, administered by the Division of Law Enforcement, together with the documentation of not less than 100 hours of substantial practical experience (with documentation and compliance procedures as noted in 68A- 6 0022(5)(a)3 above) in the care, feeding, handling and husbandry of the species or family for which the permit is sought may be substituted for the one year /1,000 -hour requirement Upon receipt of an application, the Commission shall notify the applicant of the time and place of the next examination Applicant scoring at least 80 percent correct on the examination shall be deemed as meeting the examination requirement for the particular species or family b The above requirements shall not apply to applicants for permits to possess ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries or coyotes when possessed for purposes other than public exhibition or personal use 5 Facility Requirements' a Applicants for permits to possess wildlife in captivity shall specify the location of the facility at which captive wildlife shall be maintained, and such facility shall be inspected and approved by the Commission prior to issuance of the permit. b. In order to assure public safety, Class I and Class II wildlife shall only be kept in appropriate neighborhoods and, accordingly, facilities that house such wildlife shall meet the requirements of this rule subsection Compliance with these requirements is a necessary condition for licensure For purposes of this subsection, a Afacility@ means the site at which Class I or Class II carnivores are kept or exhibited Applicants shall submit documentation verifying that the construction of the facility, its cages and enclosures is not prohibited by county ordinance and, if within a municipality, municipal ordinance c Notwithstanding any other requirements of this rule, facilities licensed prior to the effective date of this section may sell or transfer their interests, including their approved classification(s) of wildlife, (excluding licenses) to other qualified investor or owners for possession, and such facility may remain in the same location New or prospective owners shall be qualified to receive the classifications of wildlife applied for and shall complete applications for licenses to receive same The transfer shall not occur until a final on -site inspection is conducted by Commission personnel and the license is approved http /floridaconsen'ation otg /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive \k ildlite Regulations Page 15 of 47 and issued Other than facilities meeting the requirements of Rule 68A -6 0022(5)(a)5 b.(I), F.A.C., Class I wildlife shall not be possessed in multi -unit dwellings or in any premises consisting of less than one quarter acre of land area Other than facilities meeting the requirements of Rule 68A -6 0022(5)(a) 5 b (II), F A C Class II wildlife shall not be possessed in multi -unit dwellings unless the dwelling in which they are housed is equipped with private entrance, exit, and yard area (I) Additional facility requirements for Class I Carnivores (lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, jaguars, and bears)' (A) The facility shall not be constructed on less than five (5) contiguous acres of property owned or leased by the applicant If leased, the lease shall be for a term of not less than one year from the date of application and such lease is subject to initial and annual review and approval by the Commission as a condition of granting said license. (B) The facility shall have a "buffer zone" of not less than 35 feet between the caging and the facility property line (C) The cages of the facility shall be bounded by a fence of not less than eight (8) feet in height, constructed of not less than 112 gauge chain link, or equivalent, to prevent escape from the property of any wildlife that may escape the primary caging (II) Additional facility requirements for the following Class II carnivores cougars, panthers, clouded leopards, and Class II Canidae (A) The facility shall not be constructed on less than two and one half (22) contiguous acres of property owned or leased by the applicant If leased, the lease shall be for a term of not less than one year from the date of application and such lease is subject to initial and annual review and approval by the Commission as a condition of granting said license (B) The facility shall contain a "buffer zone" of not less than 35 feet between the caged wildlife and the facility property line (C) The cages of the facility shall be bounded by a fence of not less than eight (8) feet in height, constructed of not less than 112 gauge chain link, or equivalent, or, as an alternative, a fence of not less than six (6) feet in height, with a 2 -foot, 45 degree, inward angle overhang The inward angle fencing and vertical fencing shall be constructed of II 2 gauge chain link or equivalent This fencing is to prevent escape from the property of any wildlife that may escape from primary caging (D) The above requirements shall be effective July 1, 2000, but shall not apply to those facilities licensed to possess captive wildlife species prior to that date. After July 1, 2000, those licensees that desire to expand their inventory to include a family of Class I or Class II species not previously authorized at their facility location shall comply with the requirements herein Requests to upgrade wildlife classification authorization shall be considered new applications for license purposes Specific Authority Art, IV, Sec. 9, Fla Const. Law Implemented Art. IV, Sec. 9, Fla Const., 372.921, 372.922 FS HrstoryaNew 7 -1 -90, Amended 7 -1 -90, 7 -1 -91, 2 -1 -98, Formerly 39 -6 0022, Amended 4- 30-00 Back to Top 68A- 6.0023 General Regulations Governing Possession of Captive Wildlife. http /flortdaconservanon org /q &alcaptrve html 04/25/2002 Capin e Wildlife Regulations Page 16 of 47 (1) No person shall maintain captive wildlife in any unsafe or unsanitary condition, or in a manner which results in threats to the public safety, or the maltreatment or neglect of such wildlife (2) Caging Requirements (a) All wildlife possessed in captivity shall, except when supervised and controlled in accordance with subsection (3) hereof, be maintained in cages or enclosures constructed and maintained in compliance with the provisions of Rules 68A -6 003 and 68A -6 004, F A.0 (b) Cages or enclosures housing captive wildlife shall be sufficiently strong to prevent escape and to protect the caged animal from injury, and shall be equipped with structural safety barriers to prevent any physical contact with the caged animal by the public, except for contacts as authorized under subsection (3) of this Rule Structural barriers may be constructed from materials such as fencing, moats, landscaping, or close -mesh wire, provided that materials used are safe and effective in preventing public contact (c) All cages or enclosures less than 1,000 square feet shall be covered at the top to prevent escape (except paddocks, reptile enclosures and habitats specified below) Class I or Class II wildlife shall not be kept in uncovered enclosures that are less than 1,000 square feet, except as specified in Rule 68A- 6 004, F A C For the purpose of this section, the following definitions apply 1 Paddocks: Areas enclosed by fencing, railing or other Commission- approved structures which allow animals to graze or browse, 2. Reptile enclosures Areas encompassed by smooth walls or other Commission- approved materials which provide safe keeping of venomous and non venomous snakes, Crocodilians and other reptiles 3. Open air habitats or moated areas Areas enclosed by Commission- approved fences, walls, or moats which provide safe keeping of species specified in Rule 6 004, F A C (d) Caging considered unsafe or otherwise not in compliance herewith shall be reconstructed or repaired within 30 days after notification of such condition In the event such condition results in a threat to human safety or the safety of the wildlife maintained therein, the wildlife maintained therein shall, at the direction of the Commission, be immediately placed in an approved facility, at the expense of the permittee, owner, or possessor, until such time as the unsafe condition is remedied. In instances where wildlife is seized or taken into custody by the Commission, said permittee, owner, or possessor of such wildlife shall be responsible for payment of all expenses relative to the animal's capture, transport, boarding, veterinary care, or other costs associated with or incurred due to such seizures or custody Such expenses shall be paid by said permittee, owner, or possessor upon any conviction or finding of guilt of a criminal or noncriminal violation, regardless of adjudication or plea entered, of any provision of Chapter 372 or 828, F S or rules of the Commission, or if such violation is disposed of under s 921 187, F S Failure to pay such expenses shall be grounds for revocation or denial of permits to such individuals to possess wildlife. (3) Unconfined captive wildlife shall be maintained under rigid supervision and control, so as to prevent injures to members of the public No captive wildlife shall be tethered outdoors unsupervised To provide for public safety, all wildlife shall be controlled in such a manner as to prevent physical contact with the public, except as follows (a) Public contact exhibition 1 General All wildlife that will be used for contact with the public shall have been evaluated by the exhibitor to insure compatibility with the uses intended All wildlife shall be exhibited in a manner that prevents injuries to the public and the wildlife The exhibitor shall take reasonable sanitary precautions to minimize the possibility of disease or parasite transmission which could adversely affect the health or welfare of citizens or wildlife When any conditions exists that results in a threat to human safety, or http /flondaconservatton org /q&a/captrve html 04/25/2002 Captive Wr ildli le Regulations Page 17 of 47 the welfare of the wildlife, the animal(s) shall, at the direction of a Commission officer, be immediately removed from public contact for an interval necessary to correct the unsafe or deficient condition 2 Class I wildlife shall only be permitted to come into physical contact with the public in accordance with the following a Full contact' For the purpose of this section, full contact is defined as situations in which an exhibitor or employee handler maintains proximate control and supervision, while temporarily surrendering physical possession or custody of the animal to another Full contact with Class I wildlife is authorized only as follows 1 Class I cats (Felidae only) that weigh not more than twenty -five (25) pounds, 11 Chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas that are not less than six (6) months of age and weigh not more than twenty -five pounds, 111 Gibbons and siamangs not less than four (4) months of age and not more than two (2) years of age iv. Elephants as approved in Rule 68A -6 0042, F.A C. b Incidental contact• For the purpose of this section, incidental contact is defined as situations in which an exhibitor or employee handler maintains control, possession and supervision of the animal while permitting the public to come into contact with it Incidental contact with Class I wildlife is authorized only as follows 1 Class I carnivores that weigh not more than 40 pounds; 11. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas that are not less than six (6) months of age and weigh not more than 40 pounds; iii Gibbons and siamangs that are not less than four (4) months of age• no maximum poundage or age limit iv Elephants 3 Public contact or handling intervals for Class I wildlife shall be limited as to frequency, intensity, and duration so that such handling will not adversely effect the health, welfare, or safety of the animals, nor expose the public to injury (4) Any condition which results in wildlife escaping from its enclosure, cage, leash, or other constraint, or which results in injury to any person, shall be considered a violation of subsection 68A -6 0023(1) hereof (5) Sanitation and Nutritional Requirements' (a) Sanitation, water disposal, and waste disposal shall be in accordance with all applicable local, state, and federal regulations. (b) Water: Clean drinking water shall be provided daily Any water containers used shall be clean. Reptiles and amphibians that do not drink water from containers and those in an inactive season or period shall be provided water in a manner and at such intervals as to ensure their health and welfare. All pools, tanks, water areas and water containers provided for swimming, wading or drinking shall be http /flondaconservation org /g8ca/captive html 04/25/2002 Captn c 4l i!dlife Regulations Page 18 of 47 clean Enclosures shall provide drainage for surface water and runoff (c) Food Food shall be of a type and quantity that meets the nutritional requirements for the particular species, and shall be provided in an unspoiled and uncontaminated condition Clean containers shall be used for feeding (d) Waste Fecal and food waste shall be removed daily from inside, under, and around cages and stored or disposed of in a manner which prevents noxious odors or pests Cages and enclosures shall be ventilated to prevent noxious odors (e) Cleaning and maintenance: Hard floors within cages or enclosures shall be cleaned a minimum of once weekly Wails of cages and enclosures shall be spot cleaned daily The surfaces of housing facilities, including perches, shelves and any furniture -type fixtures within the facility, shall be cleaned weekly, and shall be constructed in a manner and made of materials that permits thorough cleaning Cages or enclosures with dirt floors shall be raked a minimum of once every three days and all waste material shall be removed Any surface of cages or enclosures that may come into contact with animal (s) shall be free of excessive rust that prevents the required cleaning or that affects the structural strength Any painted surface that may come into contact with wildlife shall be free of peeling or flaking paint. (6) No person shall possess any wildlife requiring a permit for personal use, or any wildlife for sale or exhibition, without documentation of the source and supplier of such wildlife Specific Authority Art IV, Sec. 9, Fla. Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla. Const 372.021, 372 921, 372 922, FS History New 7 -1 -90, 2 -1 -98 Back to Top 68A -6.003 Structural Caging Requirements for Class I, II and III Wildlife. (1) In addition to the standard caging requirements set forth in Rule 68A -6 004,F.A.0 Class I and Class II animals shall be caged in accordance with the following requirements (a) A fence sufficient to deter entry by the public, which shall be a minimum of five (5) feet in height, shall be present around the premises wherein Class I or Class II animals are housed or exercised outdoors. (b) All cages or enclosures of Class I and Class II animals except paddocks, approved open air habitats, or outdoor reptile enclosures shall be equipped with a safety entrance A safety entrance is defined as a protected, secure area that can be entered by a keeper that prevents animal escape and safeguards the keeper, or a device that can be activated by a keeper that prevents animal escape and safeguards entry Such entrances shall include A double -door mechanism, interconnecting cages, a lock -down area, or other comparable devices, subject to Commission approval, that will prevent escape and safeguard the keeper Safety entrances shall be constructed of materials that are of equivalent strength as that prescribed for cage construction for that particular species (c) All cages or enclosures constructed of chain link or other approved materials shall be well braced and securely anchored at ground level to prevent escape by digging or erosion Cages shall be constructed using metal clamps, ties or braces of equivalent strength as the material required for cage construction for the particular species. (2) Additional requirements for specific species shall be as follows' (a) Group I Chimpanzees (over 50 pounds), gorillas, orangutans. http /flortdaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 19 of 47 1 Outdoor facilities Cage construction materials shall consist of steel bars, two -inch galvanized pipe, masonry block or their strength equivalent 2 Indoor facilities Potential escape routes shall be equipped with steel bars, two -inch galvanized pipe or equivalent in rooms where the wildlife is maintained (b) Group II Chimpanzees (up to 50 pounds), drills, mandrills, baboons, snow leopards, jaguars, tigers, lions, bears 1 Outdoor facilities Cage construction materials shall consist of not less than nine -gauge chain link or equivalent 2 Indoor facilities Potential escape routes shall be equipped with wire or grating of not less than nine -gauge or equivalent (c) Group III Rhinoceros, elephants, hippopotamus, cape buffalos. Indoor and outdoor facilities Construction materials shall consist of steel bars, masonry block or equivalent (d) Group IV Crocodiles, gavials, alligators, caimans, komodo dragons Outdoor facilities Bounded by a fence at least five feet in height of not less than 11 1 /2 -gauge chain link or equivalent. (e) Group V Gibbons, siamangs, patas monkeys, howler monkeys, uakaris, mangabeys, guenons, bearded sakes, guereza monkeys, celebes black apes, indris, macaques, langurs, proboscis monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, and capuchin monkeys, leopards, cougars, clouded leopards, cheetahs, ocelots, servals, lynx, bobcats, caracals, African golden cats, Temminck's golden cats, fishing cats, wolves, coyotes, Asiatic jackals, Indian dholes, African hunting dogs, binturongs, and Old World badgers. 1 Outdoor facilities Construction material shall consist of not less than 11 1 /2 -gauge chain link or equivalent 2. Indoor facilities Potential escape routes shall be equipped with wire or grating not less than 11 1 /2- gauge or equivalent (f) Group VI Wolverines, honey badgers, American badgers, and hyenas 1 Outdoor facilities Cage construction materials shall consist of not less than nine -gauge chain link or equivalent 2 Indoor facilities Potential escape routes shall be equipped with wire or grating of not less than nine -gauge chain link or equivalent (g) Group VII Ostrich, cassowary. Outdoor facilities Bounded by a fence of at least six feet in height of not less than 11 1/2-gauge chain link or equivalent (h) Group VIII -Class III mammals (except spider, woolly, and capuchin monkeys) and Varanidae (except Komodo dragon) http //flortdaconservatton org/q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captiv e w ildliic Regulations Page 20 of 47 1. Outdoor facilities- -Cage construction materials shall consist of not less than 14 -gauge wire or strength equivalent material 2 Indoor facilities- -Rooms may serve as enclosures provided that a Construction materials equal or exceed the strength equivalent for outside caging b. Potential escape routes are secured, or the animal is supervised to ensure against escape. c. The size of the room(s) equals or exceeds that required for cages and enclosures in Rule 68A -6 004, F.A C. Specific Authority Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const 372 921, 372 922, F S History New 8 -1 -79, Amended Amended 6 -1 -86, 7 -1 -90, 7 -1 -92, 2 -1 -98 Back to Top 68A -6.004 Standard Caging Requirements for Captive Wildlife. (1) No captive wildlife shall be confined in any cage or other enclosure which contains more individual animals, or is smaller in dimension than as specified in this section, or is not equipped as specified in this section, except as defined in Rule 6 0041, F A C., or as authorized in accordance with the following (a) Requests for deviations from standard caging or enclosure requirements may be granted to allow for different size configuration (length, width and height) if the required square footage is present and if the locomotory needs of the animal(s) are not compromised Wet or dry moats may be substituted for the required fencing for retaining some species of wildlife Any proposed deviations from the standard caging or enclosure requirements, or proposals to use wet or dry moats to substitute for fencing, must be approved in writing by the Commission prior to the use of the cage or enclosure for housing animals (2) Definitions Where specified in this section, wildlife cages and enclosures shall be equipped to provide for the protection and welfare of the animals Such equipment includes, but is not limited to' (a) Shelter, nest box or den: A structure that protects captive wildlife from the elements (weather conditions) Such structures may vary in size depending on the security and biological needs of the species They are particularly described as follows 1. Shelter' A structure which shall provide protection from the elements and from extremes in temperature that are detrimental to the health and welfare of the animal When vegetation and landscaping is available to serve as protection from the elements, access to a shelter shall also be provided during inclement weather conditions Such shelter shall be attached to or adjacent to the paddock, habitat, or enclosure. 2. Nest box or den An enclosed shelter that provides a retreat area within, attached to, or adjacent to a cage or enclosure of specified size, which shall provide protection from the elements and from extremes in temperature that are detrimental to the health and welfare of the animal (b) Elevated platform or perching area A surface or structure, either natural or manmade, positioned above the floor, or above the grade level of the cage or enclosure, that will provide a resting area for the animal(s). http /flondaconservatton org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive ildlife Regulations Page 21 of 47 (c) Original floor area The total square footage required for the initial number of animals specified. For example, this is calculated by finding the new total area required for 4 squirrel monkeys when the original floor area equals 20' for 1 or 2 animals (4'x 5'x 5' high) For each additional animal, there is an increase in cage or enclosure size by 25 percent of original floor area For two additional monkeys 25% x 20'x 2 animals-10 add 10'to 20' =30 total square feet of floor area required for 4 monkeys New cages or enclosures can be 6'x 5'x 5' high, or any width /length dimension that equals or exceeds the increased cage or enclosure space (d) Gnawing and chewing items Natural or artificial materials that provide for the health of teeth, so as to keep teeth sharp, wear down enamel and promote general oral hygiene Gnawing items include, but are not limited to, logs and trees Chewing items include, but are not limited to, woody stems, knuckle bones, and rawhide objects, suitability dependent upon species. (3) Primates Additional cage or enclosure requirements for primates. In addition to requirements of this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninjunous, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, mirrors or foraging items (a) Prosimian• 1 Small (e g bush babies, Ions, potto, angwantibo, tarsiers, and mouse, dwarf, forked, marked, and sportive lemurs) a. For one or two animals, a cage 3 feet by 3 feet, 4 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosures simultaneously Each cage shall also have climbing apparatus. 2 Medium (e g lemurs ruffed, cata, true, gentle, avahi, aye -aye) a. For one or two animals, a cage 4 feet by 5 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animal(s) in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall also have climbing apparatus 3 Large (e.g sifakas, mdris) a. For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously. Each cage shall also include climbing apparatus. (b) New World Monkeys 1 Tamanns and Marmosets. a For one or two animals, a cage 3 feet by 3 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. http /flondaconservatton org /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Capu‘e ildlilc Regulations Page 22 of47 b. Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall also include climbing apparatus 2. Squirrels, titis, owls, talapoins and similar sized monkeys a For one or two animals, a cage 4 feet by 5 feet, 5 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching areas and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall also have climbing apparatus 3 Medium -sized New World monkeys (e g capuchins, sakes, uakaris) a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall also have climbing apparatus. 4 Large arboreal monkeys (e g howlers, spiders, woolly) a. For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 6 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall also have horizontal climbing apparatus (c) Old World Monkeys 1. Macaques, guenons, mangabeys, patas, languars, colobus, proboscis, simakobu, snub nosed, and similar sized monkeys a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus 2 Baboons, mandrills and drills a For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus. (d) Apes 1 Gibbons and siamangs a For one or two animals, a cage 8 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area http //fl oridaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 23 of47 b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus. c Wet or dry moats may be substituted for the required fencing provided prior Commission written approval has been obtained For island exhibits, wet moats shall be used that are no less than 24 feet wide, with 50 percent of the water having a depth twice the height of the tallest animal 2 Chimpanzees and orangutans a For one animal under 50 pounds, a cage 8 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal double the original floor area For one or two animals over 50 pounds, a cage 20 feet by 12 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 50 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and shelter(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus. c Wet or dry moats may be substituted for the required fencing provided prior Commission written approval has been obtained For island exhibits, wet moats shall be used that are no less than 24 feet wide, with 50 percent of the water having a depth twice the height of the tallest animal 3. Gorillas a. For one or two animals, a cage 28 feet by 24 feet, 10 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 50 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have a platform(s) large enough to accommodate all animals simultaneously, such platform(s) shall be elevated three feet Each cage shall also have shelter(s) large enough to accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously c. Wet or dry moats may be substituted for the required fencing provided prior Commission written approval has been obtained For island exhibits, wet moats shall be used that are no less than 24 feet wide, with 50 percent of the water having a depth twice the height of the tallest animal. (4) Carnivores and Certain Omnivores with Similar Requirements: (a) Wild felines In addition to requirements of this section, each cage or enclosure shall be equipped with a shelter (s) /nest box(es) large enough to accommodate all the animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninjurious, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, bones, barrels, drums, rawhide, pools, etc 1 African lions and Asian tigers a For one or two animals, a cage 24 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animal(s) simultaneously. Each cage shall have a claw log, unless the animal(s) front claws have been removed http /flondaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 24 of 47 c Outdoor cages over 1,000 square feet (uncovered) shall have vertical jump walls at least 10 feet high, with a 2 -foot, 45 degree, inward angle overhang, or Jump walls at least 12 feet high, without an overhang The inward angle fencing shall be made of the same material as the vertical fencing Wet or dry moats may be substituted for the required fencing provided prior Commission written approval has been obtained 2 Jaguars, leopards, and cougars a. For one or two animals, a cage 20 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously. Each cage shall have a claw log, unless the animal(s) front claws have been removed. c, Outdoor cages over 1,000 square feet (uncovered) for cougars shall have vertical Jump walls at least 10 feet high, with a 4 -foot, 45 degree, inward angle overhang Leopards and jaguars shall not be kept in uncovered enclosures except in facilities with wet or dry moats, which have been previously approved in writing by the Commission 3 Lesser cats (e g., bobcats, lynx, ocelots, caracal, serval, margay, fishing cats, Jungle cats, Teminick's cats, golden cats) a. For one or two animals, a cage 12 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a claw log, unless the animal(s) front claws have been removed 4 Small cats (e g Geoffroy's cats, Jaguarundis, leopard cats, wildcats (Fells s;Ivestns), mountain cats, pampas cats, marbled cats, pallas' cats, sand cats, oncilla /tiger cats, black- footed, cats, flat- headed cats, kodkods, rusty- spotted cats) a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a claw log, unless the animal(s) front claws have been removed. 5 Cheetahs a. For one or two animals, a cage 40 feet by 20 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously (b) Bears In addition to the requirements of this section, each cage or enclosure shall be equipped with a shelter (s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninjurious, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, bones, barrels, drums, climbing apparatus, foraging items, etc http /flondaconservation org'q &a/captrve html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 25 of 47 1. Black bears, Asiatic, sloth, spectacled a For one animal, a cage 20 feet by 20 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor space b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) for resting Each cage shall have a 4 foot by 6 foot pool of water, 3 feet deep 2 Sun bears a. For one animal, a cage 20 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor space b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) for resting. Each cage shall have a 3 foot by 4 foot pool of water, 2 feet deep 3. Brown bears (e.g European, grizzly, Kodiak) and polar bears a. For one animal, a cage 24 feet by 32 feet, 10 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor space b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) for resting Each cage shall have a 6 foot by 10 foot pool of water, 4 feet deep, except for polar bears, which shall have a 10 foot by 10 foot pool, 5 feet deep. (c) Raccoons, coati- mundis, olingos, kinkajous, ringtail (cacormstles) In addition to the requirements for this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be nonimunous, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, mirrors, climbing apparatus, foraging items, etc 1 For up to two animals, a cage 6 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor space 2. Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously (d) Pandas (red) In addition to the requirements for this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninlurious, and may include, but is not limited to, climbing apparatus, foraging /browse items, pools of water, etc. 1. For one animal, a cage 10 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area 2 Each cage shall have perching area(s) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 3 Shelter must be provided at all times to protect animals from excessive heat. http /flondaconservatton org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captne Wtldlilc Regulations Page 26 of47 (e) Badgers, weasels and polecats, skunks, fishers, ferrets, otters, wolverines, minks, martins, civets, genets, mongoose, and binturong In addition to the requirements for this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninjurious, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, PVC tubing, etc Each cage shall have a shelter(s) /den(s) /nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 1 Small (e.g., ferrets, weasels, polecats, skunks) a For one or two animals, a cage 5 feet by 4 feet, 3 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall be equipped with chewing items 2 Arboreal (e.g., martins, fishers, genets, small or medium civets) a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 4 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b. Each cage shall be equipped with perching areas, climbing apparatus, and chewing items 3 Medium (e.g., badger) a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 6 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b. Each cage shall have chewing items and an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging 4 Large (e g wolverine, bmturong, African civet) a. For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 10 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area 5. Aquatic (e.g common river otters, sea otters, giant river otter). For sea otters, specifications will be as required by Federal regulations, incorporated herein by reference as found in Title 9 C F R Chapter I Part 3, Subpart E a For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 10 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor space b Each cage shall have a 8 foot by 4 foot pool of water, 2 5 feet deep For each additional animal, increase pool size by 25 percent of original pool area Dry resting areas shall be provided (f) Rodents In addition to the requirements for this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species. Such device shall be noninlurious, and may include, but is not limited to, boxes, balls, PVC tubing, browse, etc Each cage shall have shelters or nest box(es) that will accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 1 Small aquatic rodents (e g Florida water rat, muskrat) http /floudaconservatton org /q &a/captne html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 27 of 47 a For one or two animals, a cage 4 feet by 6 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have a pool of water, 2 feet by 2 feet, 1 foot deep c Each cage shall have gnawing items. 2 Medium aquatic rodents (e g nutria, mountain beaver) a For one or two animals, a cage 8 feet by 6 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor space b. Each cage shall have a pool of water, 3 feet by 2 feet, 2 feet deep c. Each cage shall have gnawing items. 3 Large aquatic rodents (e g., capybara, beaver) a For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 10 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor space. b Each cage shall have a 6 foot by 8 foot pool of water, 3 feet deep. For each additional animal, increase the pool size by 25 percent of original floor area c Each cage shall have gnawing items. 4. Large rodents (e.g., porcupines, cavies, paca, pacarana, agoutis) a Cavies, paca, pacarana, agoutis and similar sized ground dwelling rodents (I) For one or animals, a cage 6 feet by 4 feet, 3 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Each cage shall have gnawing items. b. South and North American porcupines (I) For one or two animals, a cage 8 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Each cage shall have gnawing items, perching areas and climbing apparatus c Old World porcupines (e g crested, bush tailed, and similar sized animals) (I) For one to two animals, a cage 8 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Each cage shall have gnawing items and browse, Each cage shall also have perching areas and climbing apparatus except for crested porcupines. 5 Squirrels and tree shrews http /floridaconservatron org /q&a/captive html 04/25/2002 captive Wildlife Arboreal squirrels /tree shrews Page 28 of47 (I) For up to two animals, a cage 4 feet by 4 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Each cage shall have climbing apparatus and gnawing items. b. Terrestrial squirrels (I) Small prairie dogs, chipmunks (A) For up to two animals, a cage 3 feet by 3 feet, 2 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (B) Each cage shall have gnawing items. (II) Large (e g marmots, ground hogs) (A) For up to two animals, a cage 4 feet by 4 feet, 4 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (B) Cage floors shall have an area of sufficient depth that provides for digging Each cage shall have gnawing items (g) Wild rabbits, hares, and picas 1 For up to two animals, a cage 6 feet by 4 feet, 3 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area 2 Each cage shall have gnawing items (h) Wild Canids In addition to the requirements of this section, each cage or enclosure shall be equipped with a shelter (s) /den(s) that shall accommodate all the animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninlurious, and may include, but is not limited to boxes, balls, bones, barrels, drums, rawhide, pools, etc. 1 Foxes, small (e g Fennec, kit) a For one or two animals, a cage 6 feet by 4 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 2. Foxes, (e g red, grey, Arctic, bat eared, bush dogs) a For one or two animals, a cage 8 feet by 6 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area http /flondaconservation otg /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 29 of47 b. Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 3 Wolves (e g gray wolf, except red wolf), maned wolf, hyenas, African wild dogs, Cape hunting dogs a For one or two animals, a cage 20 feet by 10 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously. c Outdoor cages over 1,000 square feet (uncovered) shall have vertical jump walls at least 8 feet high, with a 45 degree inward angle overhang 2 feet wide or, jump walls 10 feet high without an overhang 4 Coyotes, jackals, Asian wild dogs, red wolf, dingoes a. For one or two animals, a cage 20 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b. Each cage shall have an elevated platform(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously c Outdoor cages over 1,000 square feet (uncovered) shall have vertical jump walls at least 8 feet high with a 45 degree, inward angle overhang 2 feet wide or, jump walls 10 feet high without an overhang. (I) Marsupials In addition to requirements of this section, each enclosure shall be equipped with a shelter(s) or nest box(es) that shall accommodate all the animals in the enclosure simultaneously. When vegetation or landscaping is available to serve as protection from the elements, access to a shelter shall also be provided during inclement weather conditions Such shelter shall be attached to or adjacent to the paddock, habitat, or enclosure Each paddock, habitat, or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be noninjurious, and may include, but is not limited to, browsing and grazing material 1. Kangaroo (e g., red, grey) 1. For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 625 square feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage by 25 percent of original floor area 2 Walleroos and large wallabies (e g., rock wallabies, and similar sized species) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 500 square feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage by 25 percent of original floor area 3 Hare wallabies, forest wallabies (e g dama, potorros, rat kangaroos, and similar sized species) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 100 square feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage by 25 percent of original floor area 4 Tree kangaroos (arboreal) http /floridaconservatton otg /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 C aptn e Wildlife Regulations Page 30 of 47 a For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 10 feet by 8 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus, 5 Ringtail opossums, gliders, pygmy possums, brushtail possums, cuscus, bandicoots a Small (e.g., pygmy opossums) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 2 feet by 2 feet, 4 feet high, For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor space (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a horizontal climbing apparatus. b Gliders (e g sugar glider, Family Petauridae) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 4 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a horizontal climbing apparatus c Ringtail possums (Family Pseudocheindae) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 3 feet, 3 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area, (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a horizontal climbing apparatus d. Cuscuses and brushtail possums (Phalangendae) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 4 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have a horizontal climbing apparatus e Bandicoots For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 3 feet, 3 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area 6 Marsupial carnivores (Dasyundae) a Small (e.g 3 striped marsupial mouse) For one or two animals, a covered cage or enclosure 1 foot by 2 feet, 1 foot high For each additional http /flortdaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captne W ildlife Regulations Page 31 of 47 animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Large (e g Tasmanian tiger cat, Tasmanian devil, marsupial cat) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 6 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area 7 American (New World) opossums /possums and honey possum a Small (e.g mouse opossums, honey possum Tarsipes rostratus) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 2 feet by 2 feet, 2 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus b Large (e g., American, yapok, four -eyed, woolly, bushy tailed, and similar sized animals) (I) For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure 4 feet by 4 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. (II) Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus 8 Wombats For one or two animals, a cage, enclosure, or paddock 10 feet by 10 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. 9 Koalas Indoor facilities with natural light sources such as windows and skylights shall be provided Temperature extremes shall be avoided The ambient temperature shall not be lower than 55F nor exceed 85F a. For one or two animals, a cage, or enclosure, 8 feet by 10 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase cage size by 25 percent of original floor area b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and horizontal climbing apparatus. c. Shade must be provided at all times and such animals must be protected from the heat (j) Hedgehogs, tenrecs, and solendons 1 For one or two animals, a cage 2 feet by 2 feet, 2 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage length by 50 percent 2 Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously (k) Edentates (e g armadillos, pangolins, anteaters, sloth) http /flondaconservation org/q &a /captrve html 04/25/2002 C apune wildlife Regulations Page 32 of 47 1 All armadillos except giant armadillo a For one or two animals, a cage or enclosure, 4 feet by 4 feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage length by 25 percent b Cage floors shall include an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging Each cage shall be provided with a den(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously, 2 Giant armadillo a For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 12 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage length by 25 percent b. Cage floors shall include an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging Each cage shall be provided with a den(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 3 Pangolin a. For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet, by 10 feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area. b Cage floors shall include an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging Climbing apparatus shall be provided for arboreal species A pool or tub of water shall be provided that shall accommodate the animal(s) Each cage shall be provided with a den(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 4. Anteaters and aardvarks a. Small anteaters (I) For one or two animals, a cage 8 feet by 8 feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase the cage length by 25 percent (II) Cage floor shall include an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging. Climbing apparatus shall be provided for arboreal species Each cage shall be provided with arboreal nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously. b Giant anteaters and aardvarks (I) For one or two animals, a cage 10 feet by 12 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage size by 25 percent of original floor area (II) Cage floor shall include an area of sufficient depth to provide for digging Climbing apparatus shall be provided for arboreal species Each cage shall be provided with a den(s) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously 5 Sloth (e g two -toed and three -toed) http /flondaconservatton org /q &a/capttve html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 33 of 47 In addition to the requirements for this section, each cage or enclosure shall have an accessible device to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species Such device shall be nonimurious, and may include, but is not limited to, natural or artificial trees, tree limbs, etc Each cage shall have a shelter(s) or den(s) or nest box(es) a. For one or two animals, a cage 4 feet by 6 feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the cage length by 25 percent b Each cage shall have perching area(s) and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have horizontal climbing apparatus large enough to accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously (I) Bats 1. Bats with a wingspread from 2 -6 feet a For up to 6 animals, an enclosure 21 feet by 21 feet, 6 feet high. Each enclosure shall be designed to encourage uninterrupted flight by incorporating a center structure to impede cross flights The available flight area shall be no less than 1 5 times the wingspread of the largest bat in the enclosure. The center structure may incorporate nest boxes, feeding stations, trees, resting shelves, perches, columns, etc For each additional animal, increase the enclosure size by 15 percent of the original floor area b Each cage shall have perching areas and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have climbing apparatus 2 Bats with a wingspread less than 2 feet a. The enclosure shall be large enough to permit aerial maneuvering within the enclosure b Each cage shall have perching areas and nest box(es) that shall accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously Each cage shall have climbing apparatus (m) Odd -and even -toed animals In addition to the enclosure requirements for this paragraph, each enclosure shall have a shelter(s). 1 Equids (e.g zebras, asses) and large non- cusorial bovids (e g., wild cattle, African buffalo, bison) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 1,250 square feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage. 2 Cervids (deer family) and cursorial bovids (antelope) a Large (e g elk, sambar, red deer, sable antelope, eland, wildebeest, and deer and antelope of similar size) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 1,250 square feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage. b Medium (e.g., white tailed, fallow, axis, sika, pronghorn, deer and antelope of similar size) http /floridaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2003 Capmc Wildlife Regulation Page 34 of47 For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 800 square feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage c Small (e g roe, dikdik, muntjac, bracket, pudu, Chinese water deer, musk deer, deer and antelope of similar size) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 450 square feet, 5 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage. 3. Camelids (e g vicuna and guanaco) a. For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 800 square feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage b Giraffes, okapi For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 1500 square feet, 8 feet high. For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage 4 Tapirs a. For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 500 square feet, 6 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage. b Each enclosure shall have a pool of water, 60 square feet, 3 feet deep, equipped with a ramp or steps For each additional animal, increase pool surface area by 25 percent of original area. 5 Wild swine (Su;dae) and peccaries For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 200 square feet, 4 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage 6. Wild goats /sheep, (Capnnae) (e.g musk ox, goral, serow, takm) For one or two animals, a paddock enclosing 500 square feet, 8 feet high For each additional animal, increase paddock by 25 percent of the original footage (n) Elephants 1 Non performing For one animal in a non performing static facility, a paddock enclosing 1,500 square feet, 6 feet high, with access to a shelter For each additional animal, increase paddock size by 50 percent of the original area Elephants which are tethered within such enclosure shall be provided with daily unrestrained movement periods, unless daily tethering is necessary due to the following situations a Elephant needs restraining due to a training period, b Elephant is aggressive toward people or other animals in the compound; c Elephant is undergoing medical treatment or research; http /flondaconservation org /q &a/capuve html 04/25/2002 Captwe Wildlife Regulations Page 35 of 47 d Elephant is restrained for security or breeding purposes, e. Constant tethering shall not exceed 14 days without a written justification from a veterinarian. Tethering shall permit normal postural movement of the elephant. 2 Performing a For one performing animal, a paddock enclosing not less than 700 square feet, 6 feet high, with access to a shelter For each additional performing animal, increase paddock size by 50 percent of the original area Elephants may be tethered in such enclosure, however, such restraint shall permit normal postural movements b No facility shall utilize the performing elephant paddock dimensions prior to written approval by the Commission To obtain such approval, the permittee shall provide written documentation to the Commission of exercise intervals and scheduled performances The exercise intervals shall be of such frequency, intensity and duration as to provide for the health and welfare of the animal over an extended period Such information shall be verifiable by Commission personnel through inspections. c. When not kept in a paddock, performing, or being exercised, elephants shall either be (1) tethered, or (2) enclosed by an electric fence under the direct, on site, supervision of at least one qualified trainer /handler (see Rule 68A -6 0042(2)(3)(c)), F A C., in an area not accessible to the public (o) Rhinos 1 For one animal, a paddock enclosing 1,500 square feet, 5 feet high. For each additional animal, increase the paddock by 50 percent of original paddock area 2. Access to a shelter shall be provided at all times. (p) Hippopotamus (e g., Nile and pygmy) 1 Nile a For one animal, a paddock enclosing 1,500 square feet, 5 feet high, with a pool of water, 120 square feet, 5 feet deep, equipped with a ramp or steps For each additional animal, increase paddock and pool surface area by 50 percent of original area b. Access to a shelter shall be provided 2. Pygmy a For up to two animals, a paddock enclosing 600 square feet, 4 feet high, with a pool of water 80 square feet, 3 feet deep, equipped with a ramp or steps For each additional animal, increase paddock and pool surface area by 25 percent of original area. b Access to a shelter shall be provided (q) Reptiles and amphibians 1 Reptiles http flondaconservation org /g8ca/caphve html 04/25/2002 Captive V ildlitc Regulations Page 36 of 47 a Snakes and glass lizards In addition to requirements of this section, each enclosure shall be provided with an environment or devices that allow for temperature regulation necessary to insure the well -being of the species The environment or devices shall be noninjurious, and may include, but are not limited to hot rocks, artificial lights, natural sunlight and heat strips Each enclosure shall be provided with a non injurious substrate such as newspaper, processed wood shavings, rocks, sand or indoor -outdoor carpet Such substrate shall be disposed of or sanitized at intervals sufficient to insure the health of the animal(s). Enclosure sizes for all snakes and glass lizards shall be based upon the length of the longest specimen in the enclosure For up to two specimens, a cage or enclosure having a perimeter equal to the length of the longest specimen, the width of the cage shall not be less than 20 percent of the length of the longest specimen The width of the enclosure shall not be required to exceed 3 feet For each additional specimen, increase perimeter by 10 percent b Lizards (other than glass lizards) In addition to requirements of this section, each enclosure shall be provided with an environment or devices that allow for temperature regulation necessary to ensure the well -being of the species The environment and devices shall be noninjurious, and may include, but are not limited to hot rocks, artificial lights, natural sunlight and heat strips. Each enclosure shall be provided with a non injurious substrate, such as gravel, newspaper, processed wood shavings, rocks, sand, or indoor -outdoor carpet Such substrate shall be disposed of or sanitized at intervals sufficient to insure the health of the animal(s) (I) Lizards up to 6 inches in length For one or two lizards, a cage 12 inches by 8 inches, 6 inches high For each additional lizard, increase size by one inch in length and width (II) Lizards 7 to 12 inches in length For one or two lizards, a cage 20 inches by 10 inches, 12 inches high For each additional lizard, increase size by two inches in length and width (III) Lizards 13 to 24 inches in length For one or two lizards, an enclosure 30 inches by 12 inches, 12 inches high. For each additional lizard, increase size by three inches in length and width (IV) Lizards 25 to 36 inches in length For one or two lizards an enclosure 36 inches by 12 inches, 16 inches high. For each additional lizard, increase enclosure size by 10 inches or 25 percent in length and width (V) Lizards 37 inches to 6 feet in length For one or two lizards, an enclosure 6 feet by 3 feet, 4 feet high For each additional lizard, increase the enclosure by 25 percent of the original floor area (VI) Lizards over 6 feet in length http /floridaconser\ ation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 37 of 47 For one or two lizards, an enclosure 9 feet by 6 feet, 4 5 feet high For each additional lizard, increase the enclosure by 25 percent of original floor area c. Turtles (other than tortoises and box turtles) In addition to requirements of this section, each enclosure shall be provided with an environment or devices that allow for temperature regulation necessary to insure the well -being of the species The environment and devices shall be noninjurious, and may include, but are not limited to artificial lights and natural sunlight Each enclosure shall be provided with a non injurious substrate, such as gravel, rocks or sand. Each enclosure shall have a pool of water that will allow submersion of the largest turtle For soft shelled turtles, a non abrasive pool bottom is required Enclosure sizes for all turtles shall be based upon the size of the largest specimen in the enclosure For one or two turtles, a enclosure with an area at least five times the shell length, by two times the shell width of the largest turtle The pool area shall equal no less than two times the shell width, by two times the shell length of the largest turtle A dry resting area equal to the size of the shell of the largest turtle shall be provided For each additional specimen, increase original floor and pool area by 10 percent d Tortoises and box turtles In addition to requirements of this section, each enclosure shall be provided with an environment or devices that allow for temperature regulation necessary to insure the well -being of the species. The environment and devices shall be noninjurious, and may include, but are not limited to artificial lights and natural sunlight Each cage shall be provided with a non injurious substrate, such as gravel, rocks, newspaper, sand or indoor- outdoor carpet Such substrate shall be kept clean Enclosure sizes for all tortoises and box turtles shall be based upon the size of the largest specimen in the enclosures For one or two tortoises or box turtles, an enclosure with a floor area 10 times the shell size of the largest specimen in the enclosure For additional specimens, the floor area available for movement shall be twice the floor area covered by the combined body mass of all animals in the enclosure e. Crocodilians (I) For one animal, an enclosure of sufficient size to permit moving and turning both on a dry area and in a pool of water, the water being of sufficient depth to permit submersion (II) For additional animals, the combined area covered by all their bodies shall not exceed 50 percent of enclosure area f. Amphibians Aquatic amphibians shall be kept in water filled tanks, or aquaria Semi aquatic amphibians shall be kept in enclosures, tanks, or aquaria, with a water area and a dry area that shall permit moving and turning Both the dry area and the water area shall provide room to accommodate all animals in the enclosure simultaneously (r) Birds Perching birds shall be provided with a perch of a diameter sufficient to prevent the meeting of the http /floridaconservahon org/q8za/capti‘e html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 38 of 47 bird's claws, and of sufficient height to prevent floor contact Perches and perching areas shall be sufficient to accommodate all birds in the enclosure simultaneously Perches shall be constructed in a manner and of materials that provide for effective cleaning or replacement to insure the health of the birds Enclosures shall be provided with shelter(s) 1 Psittacine and small Passerines a Large (e g large cockatoos, large macaws, including palm cockatoos, green winged macaws and similar sized birds) For one or two birds, a cage providing space sufficient to permit perching without the tail feathers touching the floor and provide for head clearance with normal posturing, with a minimum cage dimension to allow full extension of both wings These measurements shall be based on the largest bird in the enclosure For each additional bird, increase perimeter by 25 percent b. Medium (e.g medium -sized parrots, lories and large conures including Amazons, Patagonian and similar sized birds) For one or two birds, a cage 18 inches by 18 inches, 2 feet high For each additional bird, increase perimeter by 25 percent. c Small (e.g., parrots, cockatiels, lories and parakeets) For up to four birds, a cage 1 foot by 2 feet, 10 inches high For each additional bird, increase perimeter by 25 percent d Very -small (e g., canaries, finches, and similar -sized birds (except hummingbirds) For up to 2 birds, a cage 8 inches by 8 inches, 8 inches high. For each additional bird, increase perimeter by 25 percent e. Hummingbirds and sunbirds For up to 5 birds, a cage 4 feet by 2 feet by 2 feet For each additional bird, increase original floor area by 10 percent f Small and medium passerine birds (e.g jays, doves, pigeons, starlings and other similar -sized birds) For up to two birds, a cage 3 feet by 2 feet, 3 feet high For each additional bird, increase original floor area by 25 percent. g Large passerine, (e.g ravens, crows, magpies, small hornbills and similar -sized birds) For up to two birds, a cage 4 feet by 4 feet, 6 feet high. For each additional bird increase original floor area by 25 percent h. Ground hornbills, Indian great hornbills, crowned pigeons and similar sized birds (I) For up to three birds, a cage having 144 square feet of floor area, 6 feet high, with a perch elevated 4 feet above the floor (II) For each additional bird, increase cage original floor area by 25 percent http /flondaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 39 of 47 2 Waterfowl a Small to Medium (e g green winged teal, mallard and similar sizes ducks, geese) (I) For up to four birds, a cage with 75 square feet of land area and 7.5 square feet of water area (II) For each additional adult bird, increase enclosure and pool size by 25 percent b Large (e.g geese, swans, and similar size) (I) For up to four birds, an enclosure with 150 square feet of land and 15 square feet of water area (II) For each additional adult bird, increase enclosure and pool size by 25 percent 3 Eagles, hawks, owls, vultures, toucans and toucanets a For each bird, an enclosure 2 wingspreads by 3 wingspreads The roof shall be of sufficient height to permit bird to perch erect on the highest perch b For each additional bird, increase cage length by 50 percent and width by 25 percent. c Birds of prey used for falconry demonstrations shall be kept as specified in Rule 68A -9 005(4), FAC 4 Large ground dwelling (e.g., Congo peafowl, Javan peafowl, curassows, wild turkeys, brush turkeys (moundbuilders), large grouse, capricali, and sage hen) (exhibit only) a. For up to five birds, a cage having 144 square feet of floor, 6 feet high, with the perch elevated 4 feet above the floor b For each additional bird, increase original floor area by 10 percent. 5 Lesser game birds (e.g pheasants, wild guinea fowl, tragopans, snowcocks, partridge, grouse, chachlachas, guans (exhibit only) a For up to five birds, a cage having 100 square feet of floor, 6 feet high, with the perch elevated 30 inches. b. For each additional bird, increase original floor area 10 percent 6 Quail (e.g bob -white quail, scaled quail, button quail, and other species exhibit only) a For a pair, a cage 2 feet by 2 feet, 1 foot high. b. For each additional animal, increase original floor area by 10 percent 7 Wading birds, (e g flamingos, ibises, spoonbills, herons, egrets, cranes, storks and their allies) and certain shore birds (plovers and sandpipers) a For up to five birds, a cage of 144 square feet, with a wading pool of water covering 14 square feet. b For each additional bird, increase original floor area by 25 percent. 8 Diving, skimming fish- eaters (e g pelicans, cormorants, anhinga, frigate birds, gannets, boobies, http /flondaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Vv ildlife Regulations b. Penguins -large (e g Emperor, King, and southernmost species) Page 40 of 47 albatrosses, sheerwaters, petrels, sheepbills) a For up to two birds, a cage of 144 square feet, one half of which will be a pool of water, 18 inches deep b For each additional bird, increase original floor area by 25 percent 9 Penguins (e g Humboldts, Emperor, King, Jackass, etc puffins, murres, auks a. Puffins, murres, auks For up to two birds, a cage of 100 square feet, one half of which shall be a pool of water, three feet deep For each additional animal, increase original floor area and pool size by 25 percent For up to two birds, a cage of 100 square feet, one half of which shall be a pool of water, three feet deep with flowing water, 55- degree Fahrenheit or less For each additional animal, increase original floor area and pool size by 25 percent c Penguins -small (e.g Humboldts, blackfoot and northernmost species) For up to two birds, a cage of 80 square feet, one half of which shall be a pool of water, two feet deep For each additional bird, increase original floor area and pool size by 25 percent 10 Ratites (e g ostrich, rhea, emu, cassowary) a For one or two birds, a paddock enclosing 500 square feet, four feet high (six feet for ostriches) with an attached shaded, protected area. b For each additional bird, increase original paddock area by 25 percent (5) Effective date. All cage and enclosure requirements in this rule shall not take effect until January 1, 2000, for those licensed or permitted prior to December 31, 1997 Specific Authority Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const 372.921, 372 922, F S History New 6- 21 -82, Transferred from 39 -9 03, Formerly 39 -6 04, Amended 5 -10- 87, 4- 13 -88, 7-1 -90, 9 -1- 90, 4- 14 -92, 2 -1 -98 Back to Top 68A-6.0041. Exceptions to Standard Caging Requirements for Captive Wildlife. Wildlife may be temporarily housed in cages or enclosures smaller than the sizes set forth in Rule 68A- 6 004, F A C only under the following circumstances: (1) For transport and for performing and non performing animals as specified in Rule 68A -6 005, FAC (2) Wildlife being held for sale by those persons properly licensed pursuant to ss. 372.921 or 372.16, F 5 or for veterinary care, or quarantine may be temporarily housed or caged in smaller cages or enclosures for a period not to exceed 60 days With written notification to the Commission, this period http /flondaconservation org /q &a/captve html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 41 of 47 may be extended in circumstances where a licensed veterinarian has certified that a longer holding period is medically necessary in the interests of the health, safety and welfare of the subject animals or the public Medical records concerning all animals for which an extension of the 60 -day period is obtained shall be maintained at the facility and shall be made available for inspection, upon request, by Commission personnel The caging or enclosure of all wildlife temporarily held under this section shall not be smaller than that required for the caged animal to stand up, lie down, and turn around without touching the sides of the enclosure or another animal All wildlife thus caged or housed shall be permanently marked or their enclosures shall be permanently marked, so as to be traceable to written records indicating the date the wildlife was placed in temporary holding Such records shall be maintained and made available for inspection by Commission personnel Commission personnel shall direct dealers to mark wildlife temporarily if, upon inspection, there is no record indicating the date the wildlife was placed in temporary holding (3) The standard caging requirements, as defined in Rule 68A -6 004, F A C except for the fencing requirements, shall not apply to facilities possessing ratites (ostriches, rheas, emus, and cassowaries) for propagation purposes only and not for public exhibition or as personal pets (4) Newborn and juvenile mammals may be temporarily kept in enclosures below the standard caging requirements and are exempted from the multi -unit /land requirements, Rule 68A- 6.0022(5)(c), F A C., and structural strength requirements, Rule 68A -6 003, F A C as follows: (a) Newborn mammals may be kept in incubation and rearing facilities Nursing young may be maintained with their parents with no increase in required cage size for the adult animal for up to twelve weeks, provided that documentation is available to show the age of the young Such time may be extended with a veterinarian's statement, showing that such size cage is required for the continued health and welfare of the animals until a certain date (b) Juvenile mammals may be kept in enclosures that meet or exceed the size specification in subsection (2) of this section provided that 1 Written documentation is available to verify the age of the animal 2. The animal is marked or otherwise identifiable 3. The animal shall be provided space for exercise on a daily basis 4. Cages that meet the standard caging requirements shall be provided for Class I and Class II carnivores when they reach 25 pounds or six months of age, whichever comes first Class III carnivores shall be provided cages that meet the standard caging requirements at six months of age Class I, II, and III primates shall be provided cages that meet standard caging requirements at twelve (12) months of age (5) Hatchlmg /fledgling birds and newborn reptiles and amphibians may be held in enclosures that allow for normal postural movements and social adjustments that ensure the health and sanitary needs of the animals (6) Birds held temporarily for exhibit only and not for sale, may be kept in show cages or enclosures for a maximum of three (3) days, provided that, such birds have sufficient space for perching without touching the sides, top, or bottom of the cage and the health and sanitary needs of the birds are met Water shall be available in the show cages at all times (7) Reptiles and amphibians held temporarily for herptile shows, expositions, and exhibits may be kept for a maximum of three (3) days in enclosures that allow for normal postural movements and social adjustments and that ensure the health and sanitary needs of the animals http /flondaconservation org /q &a/captive hurl 04/25/2002 Captite Wildlife Regulations Page 42 of 47 (8) Cages or enclosures for mobility impaired animals shall meet standard caging requirements, unless it can be demonstrated that such cage or enclosure, or its required accessories, are detrimental to the health or welfare of the animal In such cases, written documentation by a veterinarian confirming the need for such exemption shall be maintained by the permittee and made available to Commission employees upon request (9) For animals held at exotic animal auctions, flea markets, and animal swap meets, said animals may be kept in enclosures that meet the size requirements of subsection (2) provided that such wildlife is maintained in accordance with subsection (9)(a) -(g) below The owner of said wildlife shall be responsible for the welfare of such animals, unless such wildlife is consigned to an auctioneer or other sales representative, at which time the consignee shall be responsible. (a) Wildlife shall be transported and held in non injurious enclosures, under conditions that provide fresh air without injurious drafts, and shall be provided protection from the elements (b) Wildlife shall be protected from temperature extremes that could be detrimental to the health and welfare of the animals (c) Birds and mammals shall be watered at least twice during each twelve hour period (d) Fecal and food waste shall be removed from the wildlife's enclosures daily. (e) Wildlife held in the same enclosures shall be kept in compatible groups (f) Wildlife cages /enclosures shall not be stacked over other cages /enclosures unless excreta is prevented from entering lower cages /enclosures (g) Sick or injured wildlife shall be afforded prompt veterinary treatment Specific Authority Art. IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec. 9, Fla Const. 372.16, 372 921, 372.922, FS History New 7 -1 -90, Amended 7 -1 -92, 2 -1 -98 68A- 6.0042 Elephant Rides. (1) No person, firm, or corporation shall use elephants for rides without first obtaining special authorization Such authorization shall be affixed to the authorized entity's license issued under Section 372 921, F S., as provided in this section (2) Qualifications for Elephant Ride Authorization Back to Top (a) Safety record Applicants for elephant ride authorization shall include in their initial application or application renewal, information that will identify, by drawings and /or photographs, the animals) that will be used in the rides The application, or application renewal, shall also include a certified statement on the complete safety record of the animal(s) No elephant that has caused a serious injury or death to a handler, trainer, member of the public, or other person within five years prior to application, shall be used for rides Incidents that occurred prior to the five year period may be reviewed by the Commission for possible exclusion of the elephant for rides, in accordance with the following factors• 1. The circumstances surrounding the injuries caused by the elephant http /flondaconservation oig /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captne Wildlife Regulations Page 43 of 47 2 The seriousness or extent of injuries, or number of individuals affected. 3 The number of incidents in which the elephant was involved. The Commission shall have final approval authority regarding the use of elephants authorized for rides following consideration of the above factors In addition, if an elephant(s) is involved in a safety incident subsequent to the approval of the application, but prior to entering the State of Florida, or while performing in the state, Commission law enforcement personnel may direct the animal to be removed from all exhibition activities until the conclusion of the investigation or prosecution (b) Safeguards: Applicants shall provide documentation of safeguards to insure public safety This documentation shall include 1 An emergency plan for protecting the public that specifies what to do in case of elephant incidents, where tranquilizing equipment and /or firearms are kept, who is to use tranquilizing equipment, and when they shall be used to capture, control, or destroy escaped or out -of- control animals 2. Such equipment, and an employee trained in the use of such equipment, shall be on the premises at all times that such wildlife is in a public contact situation (c) Experienced supervision All elephant rides shall be supervised by a minimum of one qualified handler and one assistant Applicants shall provide documentation that the handler has had not less than six months of experience in elephant handling Such handler and assistant shall be in the immediate presence of the elephant at all times when the elephant is in a position to be in direct contact with the public Applicants shall include the names of handlers and the experience documentation in their initial application, and in their renewal applications thereafter (d) Barriers A protective physical barrier shall be present between the elephant and the public at all elephant ride sites Such barrier shall prevent bystanders from touching the animal Applicants shall include in their application package photos or drawings of barriers they intend to use and a description of materials used to construct such barriers Specific Authority Art.IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla. Const History New 1 -1 -98 Back to Top 68A -6.005 Transportation Requirements for Wildlife; Caging Requirements for Performing and Non Performing Animals. (1) General requirements for transporting wildlife in vehicles No vehicle shall be used in transporting any wildlife except as follows (a) Vehicles shall be equipped to provide fresh air without injurious drafts and adequate protection from the elements to all animals (b) The animal traveling area shall be free of engine exhaust fumes (c) Fecal and food wastes shall be removed from the animal quarters daily (d) Animal cages shall have openings for emergency removal of wildlife (e) Wildlife in transport shall be protected from extremes in temperature that could be detrimental to http /floridaconservation org /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 44 of 47 the health and welfare of the animal (f) Wildlife transported in the same cage area shall be in compatible groups (g) The animal's cage or enclosure shall be of sufficient strength and security to prevent escape. The cage or enclosure shall be large enough to ensure that each specimen has sufficient space to turn, stand erect, and lie naturally Provided, however that certain species may be restricted in their movements according to professionally acceptable standards when such freedom of movement would constitute a danger to the animals, their handlers, or other persons Elephants shall be tethered during transport (except nursing young) (h) Wildlife shall not be placed in enclosures over other specimens unless each enclosure is fitted with a floor which prevents excreta from entering lower enclosures (I) Wildlife shall be watered twice daily and fed daily (2) Mobile Exhibits Performing Animals No mobile exhibit shall utilize the performing animal caging dimensions prior to approval by the Commission To obtain such approval, the permittee shall provide written schedules to the Commission of wildlife exercise intervals and scheduled performances The exercise intervals shall be of such frequency, intensity and duration as to provide for the health and welfare of the animal over an extended period, provided that the animals shall not be caged without exercise or performances for more than a 72 -hour period Performing and exercise information shall be verifiable by Commission personnel through inspections. Performing animals used in mobile exhibits shall not be confined in any cage or enclosure that is smaller in dimension, or is not equipped as follows (a) Class I and Class II Carnivores (i e lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards, pumas, bears, hyenas, wolves) For a single animal, a cage which shall permit the animal to turn or stand on all -fours with head clearance, and confined in such a manner so that no animal can injure another For Class I animals, cages shall be constructed of steel, case hardened aluminum, alloy, or strength equivalent material. If bars are used, bars shall be spaced no more than 2 inches apart For Class II animals, cage construction shall not be less than 11 gauge chain link or strength equivalent material Cages of Class I and Class II animals that the public can access, shall be equipped with a physical barrier, which is made of a material to prevent the public from coming in contact with the animals All cages shall have secure locking devices (b) Primates, Class I and Class II For a single animal, a cage which shall permit the animal to turn and stand erect with head clearance, confined in such a manner so that no animal can injure another For Class I animals, cages shall be constructed of steel, case hardened aluminum, alloy or strength equivalent material If bars are used, bars shall be spaced no more than 2 inches apart For Class II animals, cage construction shall not be less than 11 gauge chain link or strength equivalent material Cages of Class I and Class II animals that the public can access, shall be equipped with a physical barrier, which is made of a material to prevent the public from coming in contact with the animals All cages shall have secure locking devices (c) Elephants http /flortdaconservation org /q &a/captrve html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 45 of 47 When not performing or being exercised, elephants shall either be 1. Securely tethered 2 Enclosed by an electric fence, under the supervision of at least one qualified handler in accordance with Rule 68A -6 042(2)(c), F A C and in an area not accessible to the public (d) Class III Animals For a single animal, a cage which shall permit the animal to turn and stand on all fours, or stand erect, with head clearance, confined in such a manner so that no animal can injure another (e) Time limitation on smaller travel caging allowed for housing performing animals For performing wildlife possessed by traveling zoos and other traveling acts, wildlife shall be housed in cages or enclosures that meet or exceed the specifications as provided in Rule 68A -6 004, F A C whenever such wildlife is housed in such travel cages or enclosures for more than 90 days Performing wildlife shall not be kept in cages or enclosures below the size required by the standard caging requirements for more than a total of 90 days out of each 120 day period Such mobile exhibits shall provide an itinerary of planned exhibition times and locations with annual renewal applications (3) Mobile Exhibits Non Performing Animals Non performing wildlife in mobile exhibits shall not be confined in any cage or enclosure that is smaller in dimension or is not equipped as follows (a) Class I and Class II Carnivores (i.e., lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards, pumas, bears, hyenas, wolves) For a single animal, the cage length shall be double the body length (excluding tail), with a width that is equal to the body length, and a height that permits the animal to stand on all -fours with head clearance For two or more animals kept together, add one -third more cage length for each additional animal For Class I animals, cages shall be constructed of steel, case hardened aluminum, alloy or strength equivalent material If bars are used, bars shall be spaced no more than 2 inches apart For Class II animals, cage construction shall not be less than 11 /z gauge chain link or strength equivalent material Cages of Class I and Class II animals that the public can access, shall be equipped with a physical barrier, which is made of a material to prevent the public from coming in contact with the animals All cages shall have secure locking devices (b) Primates All cages shall be well ventilated and shall have secure locking devices Each cage shall have an overhead pull bar and a seat For two or more animals kept together, add one -third more cage length for each additional animal For Class I animals, cages shall be constructed of steel, case hardened aluminum, alloy or strength equivalent material If bars are used, bars shall be spaced no more than 2 inches apart For Class II animals, cage construction shall not be less than 111 gauge chain link or strength equivalent material Cages of Class I and Class II animals that the public can access, shall be equipped with a physical barrier, which is made of a material to prevent the public from coming in contact with the animals 1. Gorillas For a single animal, a cage 8 feet by 8 feet, with a height at least 2 feet over the standing height of the animal http /floridaconservation org /q &a/captive html 04/25/2002 Capone Wildlife Regulations 2 Orangutan For a single animal, a cage 7 feet by 7 feet, with a height at least two feet over standing height of the animal 3 Adult chimpanzee For a single animal, a cage 6 feet by 61/2 feet, with a height at least two feet over standing height of the animal 4 Chimpanzees up to 50 pounds and macaques Page 46 of 47 For a single animal, a cage 5 feet by 5 feet, with a height at least two feet over standing height of the animal (c) Elephants For one animal in a non performing capacity, a paddock that is double the body length in length and equal to the body length in width For two or more animals kept together, increase square footage by one third for each additional animal Other than for exercise periods, elephants not kept in a paddock shall either be 1. Securely tethered. 2 Enclosed by an electric fence under the direct, on -site supervision of a least one qualified handler in accordance with Rule 68A- 6.0042(2)(c), F A.C., and in an area not accessible to the public (d) Class III animals (except reptiles) For a single animal, the cage length shall be double the body length (excluding tail), with a width that is equal to the body length, and a height that will permit the animal to stand on all fours, or stand erect, with head clearance For two or more animals kept together, add one third more cage length for each additional animal (e) Time limitation on smaller travel caging allowed for housing non performing animals For non performing wildlife possessed by traveling zoos and other traveling acts, wildlife shall be housed in standard cage specifications as provided in Rule 68A -6 004, F A C whenever such wildlife is present in such travel cages or enclosures for more than 45 days Non performing wildlife shall not be kept in cages or enclosures below the size required by the standard caging requirements for more than a total of 45 days out of each 90 day period Such mobile exhibits shall provide an itinerary of planned exhibition times and locations with annual renewal applications. Specific Authority Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const Law Implemented Art IV, Sec 9, Fla Const., 372 921, 372 922, FS History New 6- 21 -82, Transferred from 39 -9 03, Formerly 39 -6 05, Amended 5- 10 -87, 1 -1 -98 Back to Top 68A -6 006 Dealing in Exotic or Pet Birds: Records. (1) Any person engaging in the business of breeding or the purchase or sale of exotic birds or birds customarily kept as pets shall be licensed as provided in s 372 921, F.S. http /floridaconservation org /q &a /captive html 04/25/2002 Captive Wildlife Regulations Page 47 of 47 (2) Any person who sells or transfers any live non native bird to another shall maintain documentation for a period of 24 months following such sale or transfer Such documentation shall include (a) The name and complete address of the recipient (b) The date of sale or transfer (c) The number and species of birds sold (3) All records of sales or transfers shall be open to inspection by commission personnel and to authorized agents of state or federal public health agencies Specific Authority Art IV, Sec. 9, Fla Const 372 921, F 5 Law Implemented 372 921, F.S. History New 6- 21 -82, Previously numbered 39 -6 06 For More Information Back to Top Contact the Division of Law Enforcement's Bureau of Support Services 620 South Meridian Street Tallahassee, FL 32399 -1600 (850) 488-6253 P Return to FAQ Main Page http /floridaconservation org/q&a/captive html 04/25/2002 Correspondence between the City and me May 7, 2002 To Rosemount City Council We share our home with capuchin monkeys (Cebus Capucmus New World Monkeys) I am saddened at how the ordinance reads and what affect it has concerning my family I agree there should be fair regulations for animals I also agree with responsible owneiship and the right to own a unique pet I have enclosed the regulations for the state of Florida for y our rev iew Floi ida has the most animals per capita then any other state I ask for your consideiation based on their ordinance while working on ours I attended the workshop meeting and heard sev eral comments made It was stated that a domestic pet cannot transmit a disease to a human Please review the enclosed facts, which proves they can and do Steve Casey wrote a letter to the editor of the Rosemount Town Pages In his letter he stated that my monkeys could carry Hepatitis B and Salmonella New World monkeys are not carriers of the B Virus There are no documented cases to prove his statement The number one carrier of Salmonella is a reptile not a monkey Your child could get Salmonella from picking up a toad or turtle crawling in their back yard You can also get it from handling chicken, tap water, not cooking your food well, from the baby ducks Fluegels sells, gerbils, mice, hamsters pigeons cage birds, y our housecat'housedog, another human being etc Please re iew enclosed information on Salmonella It was also stated by Mr Casey that insurance companies would not cover a NHP under a homeowner s insurance policy, I w ould like to point out that most insurance companies would not cover a dangerous dog under a homeowner's insurance policy Since I have not had the opportunity to provide information to the City Council I would now like to give you a background on my issue On March 29, 2001, we received a letter from the code enforcer stating we may be in violation of city code Animals 4 10 The letter stating 'Domestic animals are permitted in all zoning districts. farm animals ate permitted on farms, and with exception to these anneals no other animals are permitted I did not recery e a full copy of the ordinance with the letter I contacted the code enforcer upon receipt of the letter stating we considered our Capuchins to be domesticated She informed me the procedure to ask for a v ariance I followed proper procedure and wrote a letter to Rick Pearson of the Planning Commission asking for a variance Mr Pearson responded back to me by letter stating my item would be placed on the April 24, 2001, Planning Commission Agenda We attended the April 24, 2001. Planning Commission meeting to ask for a variance to city code Animals 4 10 We presented mfoimation to the Commission and stated that we felt our monkeys were domesticated The Planning Commission agreed that night that my monkeys were `obviously domesticated" Although the Planning Commission recognized my monkeys as being domestic, they accepted staffs' interpietation of the ordinance as current law The Planning Commission Chair stated they w ould make recommendation to the City Council to look into the ordinance and broaden the term Domestic The Commission stated they wanted us to be able to keep our monkeys and would make recommendation to the City Council as such The question at the time was what is the definition of domesticated9 After the meeting, I spoke to Rick Pearson about our rights foi an appeal I followed the procedure he stated On April 25, 2001, I contacted Mayor Busho asking for an appeal to the Planning Commissions interpretation On May 1, 2001, I received an email from Mayor Busho, which stated "On Wednesday night. April 25. the Council had a woik session and directed staff to look into the ordinance further to bring it up to today standards It was my understanding that we would contact you and let you know this information I understand that you have the right to appeal to the council in ten days We would waive that timeframe until the research is completed for the ordinance What that does is simply put you on notice pending the outcome of the research Once the research is done, we will let you know of the outcome and an appeal may be necessary at that time of it may not I know the ordinance will take some time and you will have the opportunity to present mfoimation as we look into the matter' That is where my issue sat until last December when I heard from a neighbor that my monkeys were discussed at a work session meeting I contacted Mayor Busho on December 14, 2001, asking if a decision was made to ban my monkeys from the city She replied back "that the animal ordinance in general was discussed" She suggested to me to contact Charlie O'Buen to learn the status of the ordinance I did as she suggested and contacted Charlie Chailie carne out to my home to deliver a draft of the proposed ordinance He met my monkeys, saw then cages, and saw how there were kept My monkeys were out of their cages. leased to me, when he was visiting Chailie stated he would call me when the animal ordinance would be discussed at anothei woik session He called nie a few months later to inform me of the upcoming woik session discussing the pioposed animal ordinance I attended the work session where I received a different draft of the proposed ordinance That brings us to today. Thank you, Karrie Bulera Todd Anderson March 29, 2001 Todd Anderson 4290 147 St W Rosemount MN 55068 Dear Mr Anderson It has come to the City of Rosemount's attention that a code violation exists at the property listed above Although, you may not be aware of all of the codes it is my job to provide information and enforcement At this time the following Code violation may exist at your property Animals 4.10 Domestic animals are permitted in all zoning districts, farm animals are permitted on farms, and with exception to these animals Ilo other animals are permitted It has been reported that a monkey is living in your home Monkeys are not permitted within the City of Rosemount If this is true, please find another place to keep the monkey Please call me and let me know what the timeline will be to remove the monkey Thank you for your cooperation, I can be reached at 322 -2062 %li lcel el CITY OF ROSEMOUNT Sheila O'Bryan Code Enforcement Official _J -;1 7 1,1 r, CITY HALL 2675 145th Street West Rosemount MN 55068 4997 Phone 651 423 4411 Hearing Impaired 651 42 3-6219 Fax 651 423 5203 Apiil 16, 2001 Ms Karrie Bulera 4290 147" Street West Rosemount MN 55068 Dear Ms Bulera CITY OF ROSEMOUNT Everything's Coming Up Rosemount Please accept this letter as your notification of the receipt your April 12, 2001 correspondence by the Rosemount Planning Deparunell, This item .„t11 be placed upon the April 24, 2001 Planning Commission meeting agenda, scheduled to convene at 6 30 pin in the City Hall Council Chambers This item is provided for by the zoning ordinance as an interpretation by the Planning Commission acting as the Board of Appeals Adjustments (please see the attached zoning excerpt) It is not a public hearing, however. if you feel that any of your neighbors may pi made suppoiting testimony, you are encouraged to invite them Ms, Sheila O'Bry, an will pros ide a brief presentation describing the situation, after which, you will have an opportunity foi comments For the sake of claiitication, you have not been issued a citation Ms 0 Bryan informs me that you haN e receiy ed a letter informing you of the alleged violation The Planning Commission's action may be appealed by yourself, the City Council, or an aggi ieved neighboi within ten vrorking days of the Commission's action If that happens, then a public hearing will be conducted to hear the appeal if you have any questions, I can be Leached at (651) 322 -2052 Rick Pearson City Planner Attachment Cc Sheila O'Bryan CITY HALL 2875 145th Street West Rosemount MN 55068 4997 P hone 651 423 -4411 Hearing Impared 651 423 6219 Fax 651 423 5203 14 BOARD OF APPEALS AND ADJUSTMENTS: 14 1. AUTHORIZATION, POWERS AND DUTIES• The Planning Commission shall act as the Board of Appeals and Adjustments and shall have the power to hear and cecide, subject to appeal to the City Council, requests m the following cases A Interpretation Hearing appeals where it is alleged that there is an error in a decision or judgment made by an a'mmistrative officer m the interpretation or enforcement of this Ordinance or in the interpretation of zoning district boundaries B Variances Grant variances from literal ordir= ice requirements in instances where strict enforcement would cause undue hardship because of circumstances unique to the mdri:dual property under consideration (Ord B, 9- 19 -89) 14.2 PROCEDURES: Interpretations may be requested to be heard by the Board of Appeals and Ad _istments at any regularly scheduled meeting of the Pinning Commission Requests for variances are subject to ine following A Applications provided by the City must be completed m writing prior to any consideration of variance pewter: Fees for variances are established by resolution of the City Council B The Board of Appeals and Adjustments shall require the applicant to provide plans, maps, surveys, etc as deemed necessary, to ensure proper review and consideration of v ar. ante petitions C Within thirty (30) days after the filing of an arolication, the Board of Appeals and Adjustments shall set a date for a public hearing Notice of the hearing shall be published at least ten (10) days prior to the date of the hearing, and notice shall be mailed to each property owner within three hundred f feet (350') of the property to which the variance relates Howe'.er, zoning changes in the Agriculture District, Agriculture Preser, e and Rural Residential Districts shall require mailed nonce to each property owner within one fourth (1/4) mile of the affected property The City shall use its available records to determine the names and City of Rosemount Page 219 addresses of property owners Failure to give notice to individual property owners or defects in the notice shall not mvalidate the proceedings, provided a bona fide attempt was made to comply with these provisions D Upon hearing the request, the Board of Appeals and Adjustments shall either approve or deny the variance and shall state the reasons for said action Conditions for approval may be attached to any variance granted E Generally Notice of requirement and procedures that are set forth in this Section m excess of those required by State law are directory Failure to comply with such procedures will not invalidate the proceedings (Ord B, 9-19-89) F. Within ten (10) working days of the action of the Board of Appeals and Adjustments, the applicant, the Zoning_ Administrator, a member of the City Council or any person owning property or residing within three hundred fife feet (350') of the property affected by the decision may appeal the decision to the City Council The appeal must be filed with the Planning Department (Ord B -20, 5- 19 -92) G Findings The Board of Appeals and Adjustments and the City Council, upon appeal, must find as follows in the granting of a variance from this Ordinance 1 Granting a variance will not adversely affect the public health, welfare and safety and will not be detrimental or injurious to property or improvements in the neighborhood 2 Strict interpretation or enforcement would result m a practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship inconsistent with the intent of this Ordinance and the Comprehensive Guide Plan 3 There are exceptional or extraordinary circumstances or conditions applicable to the property, use or facilities that do not apply generally to other properties in the same dismct 4 Strict or literal interpretation would deprive the applicant of the use and enjoyment of his property in a manner similar to other owners in the same district City of Rosemount Page 220 5 Granting of the variance will not allow a use which is otherwise not a permitted use in the zoning district in question. H Lapse and Reapplication. 1 A 'variance granted but not used shall become void one year after its effective date 2 No application for the same or substantially the same variance shall be made within six (6) months of the date of denial (Ord. B, 9- 19 -89) 14 3 APPEALS TO CITY COUNCIL: A The City Council shall have the power to hear and decide appeals where it is alleged by the appellant that there is an error in any fact procedure, or finding made by the Board of Appeals and Adjustments or the Planning Commission B Building permits shall not be issued after an appeal has been filed with the Planning Department If permits have been issued before an appeal has been filed, then the permits are suspended and construction shall cease until the City Council has made a final determination of the appeal C The City Council shall conduct a hearing within thirty (30) days after the receipt by the City Council of the appeal from the action of the Planning Commission As pro%ided in Section 16 of this Orduiance, the City Council shall give due notice of the hearing The City Council shall render a decision on the appeal without unreasonable delay Any person may appear and testify at the hearing either in person or by duly authorized agent or attorney D A fee to be established by resolution of the City Council shall be paid to the Planning Department by the appellant at the time the notice of appeal is filed Such resolution may provide for waiver or refind of such fee under specific circumstances (Ord B -20, 5 -19 -92)16 City of Rosemount Page 221 Bulera, Karrie From. Pearson,Rick Sent Wednesday, April 25, 2001 10 31 AM To. 'Bulera, Karns' Subject RE Appeal process'? Ms Bulera The appeal process works as follows 1 Send a letter to the Mayor and City Council members in care of the Planning Department, within ten working days of the Planning Commission action (last night) I felt that your initial letter was effective The appeal letter only needs to say that you are appealing the Planning Commission interpretation We will copy the Council with your original letter No enforcement action will occur during the appeal process 2 The appeal requires a public hearing which takes time to schedule The $165 fee pays for the cost of the public hearing and some of the staff time involved The fee is the same cost as a variance However, this is not a variance, it is an appeal of the Planning Commission interpretation of the ordinance I will have relevant excerpts of the zoning ordinance sent to you 3 Staff has been doing research on other ordinances from the beginning While you may disagree with what the Rosemount ordinance says, it is still the current law which is what we are expected to interpret and enforce The Commissioners made some good comments which will be forwarded to the City Council The Council has the authority to direct staff to initiate changes to the ordinances If you have any questions, I can be reached at (651) 322 -2052 I do expect that Sheila O'Brian will continue to be the primary staff person involved Rick Pearson 05/07/2002 Original Message From: Bulera, Karne [mai to:Karrie Bulera @CO.DAKOTA MN.US] Sent: Wednesday, April 25, 2001 7 19 AM To: 'rick pearson@ci rosemount mn us' Subject: Appeal process? Page 1 of 1 Mr. Pearson, Thank you for allowing me to speak at the meeting last night. I'm emailing to clarify the procedure I need to follow to continue my Appeal process I was emotionally drained towards the end of the meeting and missed some of what you said involving the process to follow I caught 'writing a letter to you and paying $165'. Is that 5165 per monk or total? Who do I make the check out to? Do I send it to you along with my letter? I've worked for Dakota County for 10 yrs. In my position I support and present in front of many people on County and State Mandated programs. I do this without missing a beat Last night was very difficult for me I was at a loss for words. This situation is true to my heart and soul. It affects me as a person I feel as though I'm being told that I have too many children and I need to choose who to get rid of. I am not able to make a decision like that. Thank you Karrie Bulera Dakota County Social Services Developmental Disabilities Section 651 -552 -3032 Bulera, Karrie Page 1 of 1 From. Bulera, Karrie Sent Thursday, April 26, 2001 9 41 To 'mcbusho @aol com' Subject Appeal Monkeys Mayor Busho, I apologize for emailing. I have meetings all day and didn't want to take the chance of not being able to connect with you. Tom Burt called me today and said the Council is working on revising the ordinance which affects my family Animals 4 10 He suggested that I contact you to ask what procedure I should follow. My question to you is since the Planning Commission recommended to the Council to relooking at the ordinance, do I still need to file an appeal to the Planning Commission interpretation of that ordinance? It is my understanding that I have 10 days from April 24th to complete this or I loose my rights If I don't appeal and send my money, will I loose my rights? Do I need to appeal if they are relooking at the ordinance? I'm unclear as to what my next step should be. Mr Burt suggested asking you if I need to pay an appeal fee, if staff time is already implied to revisit this ordinance? I look forward to hearing from you. I don't want to jeopardize my time line for my appeal to be heard. It was a pleasure meeting you. Thank you Karne Karrie Bulera Dakota County Social Services Developmental Disabilities Section 651- 552 -3032 05/07/2002 Apnl 26, 2001 Karne Bulera 4290 147' Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 Dear Ms Bulera Pursuant to our conversation, city staff is currently working on revisions to our animal ordinance. We vs, 111 not enforce the current ordinance requiring you to remove your monkeys from your property We will keep in touch with you as we progress through the ordinance revisions A draft copy of those revisions will be given to you for review prior to presentation to the City Council I hope this helps put your concerns at ease until the ordinance revisions are completed If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at (651) 322 -2006 Sincerely, 7j Thomas D Burt City Administrator cc Sheila O'Bryan CITY OF ROSEMOUNT Everything's Coming Up Rosemount// CITY HALL 2875 145th Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 -4997 Phone 651 423 4411 Hearing Impaired 651 423 6219 Fax 651- 423 -5203 Bulera, Kerrie From MCBUSHO @aol com Sent Tuesday, May 01, 2001 7 25 AM To Kerrie Bulera @co dakota mn us Subject: Re Appeal Monkeys Good Morning It was pleasure to also meet you at the planning commission meeting On Wednesday night, April 25, the Council had a work session and directed staff to took into the ordinance and to bring it up to today standards It was my understanding that we would contact you and let you know this information I understand that you have the right to appeal to the council in ten days We would waive that time frame until the research is completed for the ordinance What this does is simply put you on notice pending the outcome of the research Once the research is done, we wilt let you know of the outcome and an appeal may be necessary at that time or it may not I know the ordinance will take some time and you will have the opportunity to present information as we look into the matter We hope to have it completed by the first of the year but may take longer Thank You Cathy Busho Mayor I will also pnnt a copy of this to be put into the file on your topic Bulera, Karrie From Bulera, Karne Sent Tuesday, May 01, 2001 7 57 AM To 'MCBUSHO ©aol com' Subject: RE Appeal Monkeys Mayor Busho, I appreciate your response I would welcome the opportunity to assist with research for a change of the ordinance If I can be involved, please let me know I support all aspect of responsible ownership be it domestic, wild or exotic. I cannot express the word 'responsible' enough Granted, there are individuals who should not own a dog or cat or even be a parent for that matter but the opportunity is given to them It's their choice to fail or succeed I am a firm believer that an animal is what you make of it The same goes for human children If one isn't nurtured, respected or loved what affect will they have on society? As society changes, I respect the City of Rosemount for recognizing these changes Thank you Karrie Bulera Karne Bulera Dakota County Social Services Developmental Disabilities Section 651 -552 -3032 1 Bulera, Karne From. Bulera Karrle Sent Friday, December 14, 2001 8 54 AM To 'MCBUSHO @aol com' Subject RE Appeal Monkeys Hello Mayor Busho It's been several months since I met with the Planning Commission regarding my home situation with my monkey kids I've been told my situation was discussed at a recent meeting and that 'NO exotic pets will be allowed in the city I was not present to represent myself and family Was a decision made to ban my monkeys from your city? It was my understanding that the ordinance was being revisited and that I would have the opportunity to present information. 1 have not heard anything more from the city since your last email which is dated below I ve lived in your city since 1991 I ve had monkeys since 1988 I am a very responsible owner One casual report was made to the city by my EX who was angered at his loss over a court battle with me No other reports have been made My monks are of no threat to anyone I presented signatures of all my neighbors who support my family I would like the opportunity to learn where the city is on this issue Thank you for your time Karne Bulera Dakota County Social Services Developmental Disabilities Section 651 -552 -3032 (work) 651- 322 -4479 (home) Page 1 of 1 Bulera, Karrie From. MCBUSHO @aol com Sent. Monday, December 17, 2001 2 49 To. Karrle Bulera @co dakota mn us Subject. Re Appeal Monkeys Good afternoon, Received your e-mail I want to assure you, that the animal ordinance in general was discussed To coin a phrase, we looked at everything from "lions, tigers and bears, oh my Actually at that meeting, we found out that the state is considering banning monkeys from the entire state Are you aware of this' 2 That is as mush as we were told about monkeys We, the council, directed staff to prepare the ordinance, get a draft to us, and we will need to publish through the newspaper, when will be considering such an ordinace I would call city hall and talk to Charlie 0 Brien 651 322 -2062 to see when he may have the ordinace prepared I hope this was helpful Sincerely, Cathy Busho Mayor April 25, 2001 Cathy Busho, Mayor Rosemount City Hall 2875 145 Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 Dear Mayor Busho, I am writing to appeal the Planning Commission interpretation of Ordinance 4.10 Animals. I request to further my appeal to the City Council. Rosemount Ordinance 4 10 involving domestic animals is very vague. Although I disagree with the wording and interpretation the ordinance possesses, I respect and understand that it is considered current taw I ask for the Council to review and revise the ordinance. I feel the ordinance is outdated for the year being 2001. As society changes I would hope that government felt an obligation to recognize these changes. I would welcome the opportunity to give input supporting a change in the ordinance to widen what is classified as a domesticated animal. Thank you for your time Sincerely, Karne Bulera 4290 147 Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 cc City Council Members Ena Cisewski John Edwards Sheila Klassen Mary Riley Rick Pearson, Planning Commission Sheila O'Brian, Code Enforcement Apnl 12, 2001 Rick Pearson Planning Commission 2875 145 Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 Dear Mr Pearson, I was recently cited for violation of city code: Animals 4.10 (Domestic animals are permitted in all zoning distracts, farm animals are permitted on farms, and with exception to these animals no other animals are permitted]. I am writing to appeal that ordinance and ask for a vanance as we share our home with 3 Capuchin Monkeys. My family and I have been residents of Rosemount since 1991. We've owned Non -Human Pnmates since 1988. In 1992 we moved to 4290 147` Street West with our Monkeys Pnor to moving to the address above I contacted the city to research the ordinance involving monkeys The woman at the city stated the ordinance was not specific to monkeys and mostly talked about big cats, wolfs, bears, etc The words 'Monkey or Non -Human Primate' were not listed in the ordinance. I asked her what would happen if the city found out about a person with a monkey She stated that the only way the city would find out is if someone made a formal complaint against them /me for noise, odor or a bite During our conversation she informed me she was in violation as she shared her home with 2 ferrets We have lived within the city limits for 11 years, having monkeys the entire time. I feel there is no reason why I should not be allowed to keep them in my home. My neighbors don't complain. My monkeys have been here for many years, and no incidents occurred. No formal complaint was ever filed against them or me at any time. An FYI report was recently made anomalously by an individual who said he was dnving past my home and saw a monkey running around outside. First I would like to say that the person whom made that report is not a resident of Rosemount It was my X who reappeared after 12 yrs of absence from my daughter's life. He is revengeful after the recent loss of his custody battle against me for our daughter A monkey was not seen running around outside My monkeys are not taken outside on coot or cold days, certainly not when snow is on the ground Dunng the summer they are taken outside on occasion but they wear harnesses and are leashed to my person They are never left unattended or roam free. They wear diapers 24/7 and take showers with me. They do not deface Rosemount in any form or fashion nor do they pose a health nsk They are captive bred /captive born and are disease and parasite free They receive Vet Care same as a dog or cat The Webster Dictionary defines Domesticate as to tame, live in a family 1. To accustom to home He; make domestic 2 a) To tame (wild animals) and breed for human use b) to adapt and cultivate (wild plants) for human use c) to introduce (foreign animals or plants) into another region or country, naturalize 3 To bring into a region or country and make it acceptable to be domestic. I feel my monkeys meet those cntena. Please let me explain my view of domesticate. Our monkeys are our family They're not our pets they are our children They love, respect and honor us as part of their family and we welcome them into ours. They sleep with us at night and receive comfort by our touch They wear clothes and diapers 24/7. They dnnk from a cup and eat with a spoon They brush their teeth and wash their hands and faces just Like we do. They are tamer then some of the neighborhood cats and dogs and certainly are much quieter They are cleaner then some of my neighbors My neighbors know and have met my monkeys. The neighbors accept them I have a line of kids and parents at my door when Halloween comes everyone wants to see the monks help give out candy 1 have never kept my monks hidden Seeing them wave to the cars from the house windows is quite common in my neighborhood They enjoy greeting people dunng the summer when we have garage sales. They love going threw the drive threw at McDonalds They have been to the elementary schools for show and tell They are my world They depend on me and I depend on them They communicate on my level with respect, trust and understanding To me, that is domesticated 1 am saddened by the situation at hand My monkeys pose no threat to anyone. But I am ordered to remove them from the city where they have lived their entire lives Please help me understand. We have a former city councilman living behind us His dog barks continuously and I can't do anything about it My other neighbors cat climbs into our cars threw the open window or sunroof while they're parked inside my garage and uses the car as a litter box The neighbor's dog down the street comes into my yard to catch and kill my Butterfly Koi from my outside water garden. My son was bit in the hand by a neighborhood dog 2 summers ago A little neighborhood boy was bit in the head last summer by an Akita (dog) running the neighborhood. The animals involved all fall under the city's definition of a domesticated animal. That confuses me. My family and I enjoy our monkeys in the pnvacy of our own home. They pose no health nsk and are tame. They understand more then a dog or a cat and communicate on a much higher level. Please allow me to introduce them to you Cody is a male Black and White Capuchin (Cebus Capucinus) 5 pounds, Megan is a female Black and White Capuchin (Cebus Capucinus) 4 pounds, Sammy Jo is a female Tufted Capuchin (Cebus Appelta Robustus) 2.5 pounds They are New World monkeys They are very compassionate beautiful little people. I am asking for a vanance to be granted to keep my monkeys Please inform me of the procedure I need to follow I will attend council meetings, the council can meet my monkeys and you may visit my home to see how they are kept anything you wish If a vanance isn't granted, I ask for ample time to sell my home, relocate my kids to a new school and find new residence. Placing my monkeys without my family or me is not an option for us. When they leave, we must to go with them. Separating them from their family and their life, as they know it, could put them into a state of depression and may cause death. I cannot allow that to happen As an 11 yr resident of your city, I hope my views are considered and respected. We are members of the Simian Society of Amenca and The United Pnmate Protection League I am educated on the proper care of pnmates and support responsible pnmate ownership I express my sincere gratitude for allowing me to state my concerns and views I look forward to speaking to you Please feel free to contact me at any of the numbers listed below Thank you for reviewing my letter Sincerely, Karne Butera 4290 147 Street West Rosemount, MN 55068 651- 322 -4479 (home) 651- 238 -6981 (cell) 651 -552 -3032 (work) Dakota County Social Services Petitions and Letters of support some submitted to the Planning Commission April 2001 current petition dated May 3, 2002, and support letters 1 .0 fete_ i !`--Lb r (A) S/— SIL-23 s S 3 5. 6. 11. 13. 14. 24. Petition Supporting Ownership I sign this petition in support of Todd and Karrie (4290 147 Street West). Their Monkeys have never caused an incident in our neighborhood. They have never harmed me in any way. They are no threat to our community. 16. QA 11-c- 17. 18. 19 20. J Name J 'ts. drat V. May 3, 2002 Address ,6 y0 'Jor 12. Mgr_ 111. L te t ►1h. l 'but A ¶1aP w 0 15. /o airy F Phone L/ F /91" -frk 6S) 3 Nc571 «c 11 01 t ,r2 c it,I r a 151<,,�,t1n �3�7 qr�r t V-(7- 3 c. z, Y /I> rP o 5tigl (c r/ c� 23 rY .440444 J v/ -'/40?3 -3797 i l� r /V 77 /9w 4,c4 A ✓t (S/ 8 /a3 o Y 1 S �Itlss �C (9 %S� �9y Cc 7�i3 A Cf f3 (j o r., A\ L d tk) 7,' CSI f Z (25 3 �2 5 y-41 w Ls 423-1 WA IA) (05 `/23 /G6L___ s 5(_ l -/6 6 vi"k K 6- of L' �KL�n(��,�v C 1 42 3 2 7Z`/ L 51 "L L (l� -`t) 3 -L OS"- s 3 -y 3 I 25. c 26. ii�L •_S 27• C VI ;I, L y 28 41. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 43. 36. -c dpi Lt. t 37( 7) v 38. 39. 40. 1 5Q� 51 5 53. 54. 55. 7 ,-471 c -1(` vT Z; i _.�c C 37 v 7Th 5. r l yi L 1 //l /7 talc e r 7 97/ 7 cic,vc' 4be 9a2 33�� c-' N7/% o -dic', /6-, 4l c' &S/ 7 I Y He t) •a<rit/ l l6 49. /'7)'T y Cr 7-_v V/-2i ;'1%// Z-37 W (e Sl 3o a -UY7 EE;r -c (4:4c1 D (CI 1 CCU L S �s C-C"/ /23 (i'c y 93 5/6) X 51 32 -7 5L Ll c7_C V-D7 s (37 _,f) 2 L,°' I _3� CC 4 -a No I sign this petition in support of Todd and Karrie at 4290 147 Street West I've had no problems with their monkeys Their monkeys pose no threat to the community They are kept on their property m the privacy of their own home Their monkeys do not make noise, are odor free and do not deface the community m any way They are well cared for and are never left unattended I, being a neighbor, welcome them into my community NAME 5( 7- /c‘ e /L- ADDRESS 4Zy% w• TJ V Y 9 /97"' Si w `1 s *i f hl Li ALI t,41 1 rid( t I: n h, ✓i.4 O JC I A GJ cam r (Ac D2Ani -5 LJ r h I�L&,c 3t, kc:u.# e&, dr w.- A4 ¢Y! C /l e41 P40(, 1 3 Au S" c. -J f 147 -5" /R /7 i7 k/ CIAO 2 <170 1'47 3t Ll7 t) 147 Sk Vj Z o g7t 1y 73 2ifi nzi-eaw. Lv, April 24, 2002 To Rosemount City Council Subject Monkey Ordinance Karen Bulera has brought to my attention that the council is intending to create an ordinance with respect to exotic animals such as the monkeys In as much as an ordinance is needed I feel that common sense is needed Her monkeys have never created a problem and in fact Sally and I did not know she had them until the issue of the ordinance came up We have lived at the same residence for 34 years In view of the fact that the monkeys in question have value with respect to helping handicapped individuals, it would seem they are an asset However I feel an ordinance is needed as follows 1 Limit the number of monkeys allowed to 2 unless there is a medical necessity 2 License the monkeys and require yearly evaluation by a qualified individual 3 Failure to comply will result in the owner having to get rid of the animals at their own expense and no right of appeal. In view of the fact that this will not be the last case of this type of issue we need to be proactive and find a solution and get on with more important issues of the community such as, 1 What are we going to do about rental properties in our community that have had numerous Police calls 2 Rental properties that have had drug raids and arrests. This is just a few of the more important issue we are facing and need answers for Respectfully Yours Harry R Sally T Willcox 14674 Danville Ave W Rosemount MN 55068 Jon K Edman 14660 Danville Ave W Rosemount, MN 55068 -4151 Phone (651) 423-5342 To whom it may concern. April 25, 2002 It appears to me that some members of the Rosemount city council are on a witch -hunt for capuchin monkey owners Just like the original witch -hunts this one is based on falsehoods, rather than facts Is the council going to continue punishing the innocents as in the old witch hunts? Are they willing to consider some facts, or is this all about two council members that are going tit- for -tat with each other? Fact This species of monkey is a New World NOT an Old World monkey They are not the same there are major differences Fact This species of monkey does NOT carry hepatitis B Fact This species of monkey is trained as "helping hands" for quadriplegics Fact The Helping Hands organization does NOT place dangerous, disease carrying, unpredictable animals in a quadriplegic's home Fact I share my rear property line with the owners of two capuchin monkeys Fact The monkeys are always under the owners 100% control Fact The monkeys are very seldom outside When they are outside they are attached to a short leash that is attached to (not held by) the owner Fact The monkeys are kept in a padlocked metal cage whenever they are not physically attached tb their owner The monkeys are never a threat to anyone Fact Council members that base their vote on fiction or vendetta do not belong in office, and should immediately resign )01--- K g- Jon K Edman Rosemount Jon K Edman Jacqueline D Edman 14660 Danville Ave W Rosemount, MN 55068 -4151 To Whom It May Concern Karne Bulera and Todd Anderson share their rear property line with us Our kitchen, dining room, and bedroom windows all have an unobstructed view of their rear yard Whenever any of their pets are outside, Karne, Todd, or both are outside with them The pets are never left unattended Their monkey is very seldom outside, and when outside, is always leashed to either Karne or Todd We have asked our neighbors (both to the north and south of our house) how they felt about this "complaint Neither of them even knew Karne and Todd had a monkey until we told them Both of these neighbors' rear yard face Karrie's and Todd's rear yard This should demonstrate that the "problem" is non existent) This species of monkey are trained as "helping hands" for quadnplegics How much more "domestic" could an animal be Karne and Todd are excellent neighbors They should not be asked to change their lifestyle, or place of residence We are strongly opposed to any government or civil action against Karrie Bulera or Todd Anderson regarding their pets Sincerely, S et L i m L LlL' 6:t C C heyC Jacqueline D Edman 4cj P6 tie v /4'J April 21, 2001 April 24, 2002 To Whom It May Concern: I am writing in support of Karrie Bulera's monkeys. Karrie should be allowed to keep her two monkeys, or "children" as I've come to know them. These two kids are the most gentle, docile pair that you could ever meet! I have worked with Karrie for a number of years, and she has brought her monkeys to work. Everyone in the office gravitates towards them, and they cling to Karrie like a small child would. Once they get comfortable they will eagerly go to other people They are so cute! They like to be around people and they love to be loved by humans. I would feel very comfortable letting my small son and daughter play with these monkeys. I can tell you very honestly that I am afraid of unleashed dogs and stray cats but I feel no threat, whatsoever, by these two small monkeys Diseases? Society is more likely to be bitten by a rabid dog or catch a disease from squirrels, wild birds, or stray cats defecating in a child's sandbox Please allow Karrie to keep her monkeys. Have any of you never owned a pet as an adult or a child? Wouldn't it be unfair to ask you to get rid of your beloved pet? Could you watch the pain of your children as the city took their pet away? Please put yourself in Karrie's shoes and feel her pain. She takes excellent care of her monkeys, and they pose no threat to anyone. Y They are members in her home. Please vote to allow Karrie to keep her monkeys. Thank you Sincerely, twit Kathy O 552 -3039 To Whom It May Concern I am writing in regards to a recent incident in the town of Rosemount, MN As I understand the situation Ms Bulera and her partner, Todd Anderson, have lived in their home for the past 10 years, owning monkeys without incident or complaint Ms Bulera's ex- husband informed the city that she owned monkey s in an effort to cause discomfort to Ms Bulera This ploy has apparently been successful, as the city council has decided to rewrite the city of Rosemount s animal laws to exclude simians and other exotic animals These changes could force Ms Bulera to place her beloved monkeys or undergo the financial hardship and emotional stress of mov ing out of the city limits While I can appreciate the need to control who may own animals, and believe that not every individual is a suitable owner for a Simian, to force Ms Bulera to place her monkey s, move or face having them confiscated by the city I feel is a gross injustice Ms Bulera is a responsible owner and is well educated in the care, housing, and emotional needs of her Simians She has given her monkeys as much love and attention as any good parent would their child Ms Bulera has always raised her monkeys with respect for their needs However, it took only the misinformed fears of a few individuals to jeopardize and possibly end that relationship A few individuals, who apparently have watched one too many movies, claim the monkeys are a threat to the health and well being of the citizens of Rosemount These indn iduals fearing the spread of unnamed diseases by the monkey s and potential attacks have made it a personal campaign to not allow Ms Bulera's monkeys to remain within the city limits Some members of the city council have forgotten their duty as elected officials which is to gather the facts and make an educated decision based on those facts for the protection, welfare and rights of the citizens of Rosemount Instead some have made uneducated allegations, placing personal phobias before the needs and rights of the citizens that they are elected to represent Councilwoman Riley, places all Simians in the same classification when in reality there are a multitude of species, sub species and classifications New World Monkeys are very different from Old World Monkeys, not only in the areas of the world from which they originated, but also in their behaviors and susceptibility to diseases To place all Simians in the same grouping would be the equivalent to applying the term dog" to include all members of the Canis family And as we ai e all aware, there is a wide range of behaviors displayed between the wolf (Canis Lupis) and the Border Collie (Cants Familiaris) If Ms Riley can defend her allegations that Ms Bulera's monkeys are indeed a threat to the well -being and health of the population let her do so However, it w ould only be fair to hear from the experts on the transmission of communicable diseases and Simians to insure that all the facts are represented accurately and fairly I would suggest that the council also review the research on diseases passed to humans from 'domesticated' dogs and cats, as well as the number of dog and cat bites leading to injury or death as compared to the number of monkey bites with the same consequences I'm sure the statistics will speak for themselves In regards to the specified diseases mentioned in the letter to the Rosemount newspaper, I would like to point out that those diseases are most commonly passed by humans To effectively prevent the spread of these diseases it would require regulating the human population allowed to live within the city limits as well the Simians Thank you for the time to allow me to express my views on this debate I hope that the city will listen to the voice of the majority of the citizens of Rosemount, weigh all the facts and come to a decision that is equitable and fair for all Sincerely, Judith A Petersen To Whom It May Concern, My family and I have shared our lives with our two spider monkeys for the past 3 years. During this time, we have met some of the most kind, caring, considerate, responsible people we have ever had the pleasure to meet They share their lives with NHP's as welt. We would all be devastated if we were told we could no longer keep them in our family! While some people would consider them to be just "pets we consider them to be a very important part of our family. Losing our right to have them here with us would be like telling us we have too many children and have to get rid of two of them! This is not an exaggeration. .this is how we truly feel! They are family! Responsible monk parents see that their monks are cared for property. There is documented proof that primates born in captivity pose no danger of spreading diseases to human beings. Please consider what I have stated above when making your decision on whether or not to ban NHP's in your areal Let us keep our right to choose whom we live with and share our lives with! Thank You, Sincerely, Sherry Freeman To Whom This May Concern, I am a licensed veterinary technician and my husband is a veterinarian We have owned NHP for the past several years We have two different species of macaques. I studied Non -Human Primates before deciding to share our lives with them. For those of us who have done our homework, we care for them beyond anyone's wildest imagination. They are cared for better than a LOT of people care for their Human Primate children. Of course their will always be the negative stories of having any exotics. Our society doesn't want to hear the And they lived happily ever after" stories, they want to hear about the elephant at the circus who went on rampage and trampled 100 people. Those stories are horrific and attention getters. But in reality, on a more positive note, there are quite a number of wonderful people out there who have the best interest of all animals, especially exotics, in mind They have furthered these animals' lives in captivity and saved some species from extinction. I have worked with animals for 15 plus years, mostly domestics (dogs, cats) and have contracted several diseases from them; diseases that I will never get from my NHP. If NHPs are found disease free, then there is no need for so much concern. People tend to fear what they are uneducated on. We are talking about animals born in captivity and in the United States. I do educational programs and at the end of those programs people are not running out and purchasing primates or other exotics. People are usually saying they are happy to understand them better I think time would be better spent trying to clean up the thousands of domestic dogs and cats that are destroyed every year due to lack of responsibility vs trying to regulate the exotic people who care extremely well for their animals Sincerely, Debbie Barnett, AHT To Whom It May Concern, My name is Georgia Perkins. I am a primate breeder who has worked with primates for 9+ years I personally believe, and have personally seen; that primates bred in captivity and placed in private homes are well adjusted, loved, socialized and get excellent health care. Education is a big part of the monkey business. People fear what is unknown to them. They fear what they have no knowledge about to understand. There is a wonderful network of private people sharing information about their primates in the private sector With education and support, why take our rights to live with NHPs from us? Education is the key. Sharing educational facts and information will work in helping to regulate and protect the animals without infringing on our rights to share our lives with them. People that sell primates are regulated. We pay for our rights to own and to breed NHP. We educate owners on the proper health care, diets, caging requirements, etc. We love our NHPs and they love us. The love and the joy that a NHP brings to people in society is overwhelming Thank you. Sincerely, Georgia Perkins To Whom It May Concern, I have had primates for 16 years and have taken care of exotic animals for 25+ years at my work place. I would like to say that it is unconstitutional to pass a law prohibiting exotic animal ownership in any city or state. For one thing primates that are born in captivity could not in away pose any disease threat to a human being. There is documented proof of this. Do not impose a restriction on everyone that owns primates, or worse yet outlaw exotic animal ownership in your city or state. This would be the same as not letting anyone drive on the roads because a few people are reckless drivers. Most exotic animal owners are very consciences about keeping their animal on their own property, and are responsible and educated in the proper care and management of whichever species they own I respectfully ask you to reconsider such a biased law. It is unconstitutional to say the least. I am confused as to how officials can tell someone what animals they can or cannot have on their own private property, especially monks that have lived their entire lives there That is not living in a free country. It is infringing on the rights of American citizens. Sincerely, Vernell Stock Aptil 24, 2002 To Whom It May Concern I am writing in support of Katrie Bulera's monkeys Kairie should be allowed to keep her two monkeys, or children" as I've come to know them These two kids aie the most gentle, docile pan that you could ever meet! I have worked with Kari to for a number of years, and she has brought her monkeys to work Every one in the office gravitates towards them, and they cling to Kan le like a small child would Once they get comfortable they will eagerly go to other people They are so cute! They like to be around people and they love to be loved by humans I would feel very comfortable letting my small son and daughter play with these monkeys I can tell you v ery honestly that I am afraid of unleashed dogs and stray cats but I feel no threat, whatsoever, by these two small monkeys Diseases`' Society is more likely to be bitten by a rabid dog or catch a disease fiom squurels, wild buds, or stray cats defecating in a child's sandbox Please allow Karrie to keep her monkeys Have any of you never owned a pet as an adult or a child" Wouldn't it be unfair to ask you to get rid of your beloved pet`> Could you watch the pain ofyoui children as the city took their pet away Please put yourself in Karrie's shoes and feel her pain She takes excellent care of her monkeys, and they pose no threat to anyone They are membeis in her home Please vote to allow Karrie to keep hei monkeys Thank you Sincerely, Kathy O'Donnell 552 -3039 To Whom It May Concern, My name is Karen Racca I live with one primate, age 6 years, Andy. As a responsible primate owner, I see to it that Andy has proper medical attention, an excellent diet, and more than adequate caging facilities He is cared for better then some care for their human children Primate owners across the U.S. have put into place, a network of people who help to educate new owners in caring for their primates We go out of our way to educate would be owners, an also support them after their adoption. We have a constitutional right to own these animals and have them in our homes We also have a duty to our fellow man, to make sure that our ownership does not infringe on their well -being Banning is not the answer, any more than you would ban all car owners for a few bad drivers. In the private sector, where owners are getting good medical attention for their pnmates, disease is non existent. The primates have much more to fear from us than we do from themI l At one time or another, nearly every city has found a home where hundreds of cats are found in filth and bad health. Never once has a city banned cats The cats are removed from the home, given proper medical attention and placed in good homes. Why should primates be treated any differently? If banning is the answer, then it should be across the board When your neighbor mishandles his dog or the dog bites someone, YOUR dog should be taken as well. Check statistics for your city Compare the number of domestic animal incidents complaints; dog bites, cat bites, vs primate bites, threats or escapes I'm certain the number pates in comparison. This is not reason enough to ban primates from the city Sincerely, Karen Racca M �SCellaneons health information leers VRL® An ESOTEAIX Company November 19, 1999 Mary Mynck Sunian Society of Amenca 301 NW 63 Suite 215 Oklahoma City, OK 73116 Dear Ms Mynck As you know, our laboratory has many years of expenence m testing tnonkeys and apes for evidence of virus infections Most of our testing is done on primates used for experimental studies, but a substantial number of tests have been done on zoo and pet primates There is always concern for the possibility that human contacts may acquire virus infections from these anunal, but for the most part, this fear has not been warranted m reference to primates kept as pets. The greatest fear has always been the potential for herpes B vuus infections Human infections with this virus are, of course, senous and have led to number of deems. This virus is found naturally in macaques and, therefore, this species should be monitored for evidence of B virus infection Of the pet macaques that we have tested for this virtu, only a few have shown evidence of a positive B virus serology I dunk this may be attributed to the fact that most pet macaques are acquired as infants and it is known that B virus infections generally occur after the monkeys mature and become sexually active In any event, at is wise to remove a pet macaque to a controlled environment if it shows evidence of B virus infection Thelf t Onsidertng apes and New World monkeys B virus is not considered to be a problem, as this virus is not found In these primate specks. In general, the viral flora of New World monkeys does not appear to be i threat t do humans I know of no report that a vuus from New World monkeys has infected p human. The only virus I am aware of that might mfect humans is hepatitis A This virus, or a related strain, has been isolated from owl monkeys, but there has never been an established human infection from this species. If this did occur, it is likely a human infected the monkey and, therefore, transmission from human to human is more likely Further, unlllte B virus, this virus does not persist in an infected anunal once the clinical ei s resolves_ &though I do not support monkeys as pets, l realize that many people feel very strongly about their pet tnonkeys. With appropriate personal hygiene and testing for TB and B virus in order to determine the potential threat of these diseases, there should not be an infectious disease problem I do not support the destruction of antibody positive animals. There are facilities that can handle these animals with proper care There should be some effort to educate owners of primate pets about the proper handling of these animals and the necessity for providing proper protection against traumatic attacks on casual observers Sincerely Richard L Heberling, PhD N a 'lees President 7540 Lail pineur San Antonio, Texas 78229, (210) 814. FAX 814- (800) 299 -7350 -r1cr 8036 El Rio Houston. Texas 77054 FAX 7 41 -5302 (800) 295 5227 VIROLOGY BACTERIOLOGY MYCCBACTERIOLOGY MYCOLOGY PAPASITCLOGY SEROLOGY IMMUNOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FLOW CYTOMETRY CANCER MARKERS 1625 Rock Mountain Blvd. Suite 0 Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 (770) 934-3858 FAX 934 -4036 International Primate Association Regarding the regulations for nonhuman primates In Maine We respectfully suborn the following considerations The International Primate Association (IPA) is dedicated to advancement of the well -being of captive nonhuman primates and protection of the rights of their owners The IPA supports regulations which improve the care and treatment of nonhuman primates and provide reasonable protection to the public from any threat these animals may comprise While we appreciate the need and appropriateness of special regulations to govern the care of exotic animals and to provide protection of the public from an potential danger, we disagree with the imposition of unreasonable restnctions and punishments on them and their owners Many animals (as well as humans) can be considered "problems" Dogs bite, cats scratch, horses and other livestock bite, buck and trample Over 4-1/2 million Americans suffer dog bite injuries each and every year Dog bite injuries can lead to serious infections (such as tetanus and rabies), disability, deformity and occasionally death There are more cases of property damage and personal injury attributable to dogs in one year than to nonhuman primates in the last four decades Y et people continue to freely own such animals in every state Dogs who bite and cats who scratch are allowed fair veterinary quarantine and returned to their owners We ask that nonhuman primate owners be treated equally, not predjudictally Owners of nonhuman primates who pay their license fees and abide b,■ reasonable regulations should not be restricted in their rights of acquisition transfer of interest and ownership or in their rights to protect and preserve their own property (their animals) We endorse the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission's revised "Regulations For Captive Wildlife" (chapter 39 of the Florida Administrative Code) and strongly encourage patterning of state laws on this fair and well- researched model (The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission can be contacted at (904) 488 -6253 Sincerely, Randy Helm Editor Of Monkey Matters hlagazme Board Member of the international Primate Association Monkey Matters Magazine PO Box 85152 -MBI81 San DiegoC k 92186 To R horn It May Concern, The International Primate kssoeialron> PO Box 8s1S? -S'>B 18 San Diego CA 92186> In researching zoonottc and enzootic, disease (disease which can theoretically be transferred from humans to nonhuman primates or from nonhuman primates to humans), please consider the following facts Since 1978 monkeys have been bred exclusively to captivity for sale to pet owners Monkeys breeders are required to have a permit with the USDA and to meet an appropriate standard of care, health, diet arid cleanliness In addition, veterinary health certificates are a routine in most nonhuman primate sales According to our investigation, out of thousands of monkeys kept in pnvate ownership over the last four decades, no human death has ever been reported as a result of monkeys kept in the home as pets or as breeders Illness passed in reality (not theoretically) from monkeys to humans is virtually unheard of Even the herpes B virus, found in macaques, has not been reported as the cause of death in a private monkey owner et animal rights acunists continue to emphasize disease and to attempt to use it to gain leverage in outlawing primates If you have any ftrrther questions on this subject, please contact his Sincerely, Randy Helm Director, International Primate Association Dear Maine Fish Wildlife Department, 1 am a research biologist as well as a monkey owner and a member of the board of The International Pnmate Association 1 he International Pnmate Association is a worldwide orjamzation In addition to the orgamzatioii s publication Monkey Matters Magazine, we operate a no- charge 24 hour a day Helpline which is available to the public at large Our Helpline service is also available on the Internet In the three years of the IPA's existence, we have not had a single report of any case of disease transmission or death from a nonhuman primate In my field 1 have worked in senior research and management positions at the following institutions Salk Institute of La Jolla, The Armand Hammer Center For Cancei Biology and the Tunior Virology Lab (where 1 worked extensisely with simian viruses), University of California San Diego Department of Medicine Division of Hemotology and Oncology and Department of Chemistry, Transtech Medical Corporation, Metabolix Inc Research Bio- Response, Medical Solutions International, University of California San Francisco Department of Medicine, University of California Dais Department of Medical Surgery and the San Diego Public Health Dept i am currently Vice President in charge of research for islet Sheet Medical Inc and Plasma Seal Corporation As a pm, ate monkey owner I have kept seven monkeys, both New and Old World (Species Common squirrel monkeys S4imin sciureus, the black spider monkey Ateles pamscus, the lesser spat nosed guenon Cercopithecus petaunsta, white faced capuchins Cebus capueinus and Buttikofer's lesser spot nosed guenon Cercopithecus butukofers) in my home for over 14 years Neither myself nor my family has ever had a single incidence in which we have caught any type of illness from our monkeys or from anyone elses in the meantime I have contracted numerous flus, colds and viruses from contact with humans In fact, humans are tar more likely to catch diseases from other humans than from monkeys especially those (as all are) bred in capti.un Sincerely, Randy Donan Board Member Inteniat onal Primate Association Randy Dorian The International Primate Association PO Box 85152 MB 181 San Diego CA 92186 October 29, 1999 Mary Myrick Simian Society of America 301 NW 63 Ste,215 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73116 Dear Ms. Myrick The Oklahoma State Department of Health has been asked our position regarding the subject of non -human primates and their proposed regulation. There has been increasing concern by the public health community regarding the increased ownership of many exotic animals and any disease spreading potential they may have or may develop in the future. Non -human primates have been one of several species of concern. We do believe there is sufficient evidence of potential for herpes B in macques to recommend testing for them. Based on the evidence available at this point in time we are unable to find scientific consensus which would cause us to recommend regulation of the majority of non -human primates. More specifically, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which the public stealth cotnmunity;8enerally depends on for direction regarding serious public health matters has not issued any official policy on this subject. If I can be of further assistance, please feel free to contact me at (405) 271 incerely, 1L Nide, M.D. Commissioner of Health Don a m6 Oklahoma State Department of Health Creatrng a State oflfeateh WOO NE loth St, Oklahoma Gtv, OK 73117-1299 I R vida,M.D.commuvoner Board otneadh MD Ptnideat lona B Cmtn(ela*L D OS.. Vta •PrnkkNk Ron L. Cranes. 0D4. :enr.MD. Glen E. Dncoa,tr.TAD H.uken L Enos, J4 tffi 1.G Rmoaerhout a emu Smuh M.D ;rpe',wt :2 Tti ee •]l -1 332 Cr. purray Blare Ass'stant Dean Tvf;. $edical School Batton, hassachusetts Bear Dr. More: Cr. J V: card has nskcd that it padres+ th_ pro of xtonoses rejated to the use cr cebus monkey In her nre cst with auodrar, Dieg=o. It seers that th•ec specific oonsioe -aeons re worth disco =_Ong Including primate species invalved, their sou•ce Cr point of origin, aqd- .tae nature of the persibie infectious agents concerned. •'Ehe icbUS konktrts,a tieulrorid se ith,nnAkeoKc, V„ c'8a`iE�rpi piihoq %hs'ea t=ied °oi °t rxnsm Ft cod bx esre ee'G'o�h�r`m:`n�e rI pr""� Nitta$. Among primates the only t•to species of consegue-ce In this regard are the rhesus (.hicb transmits B- virus) and the Arrican Green rcnkcy (which Fns been associated,' with an isotated Incidence of lethal disease for l•sr_n >ns with the Marburg virus). The in- rtctiv:ts or danger asseclaeed with thete two viruses i ins: than hear, siren cost Jeri: rhrSui rnon4tys Garry a tltnr for B -virus but cry fee ht,-mant crposea to these monkeys ever contract the disease. 8acteriel fio-o are ptoha!ty of no acerec% :bee ersrueous in Isolated, hind•reared n nktys any more than other dfIcIllstle spieler. cwt} as the dog hr tat wosid Se under such c trcuTns tenets. lr ten years or rais ce. monkeys In our Prsee•ch sctl fties. ue •ar_ 'ot leent.fltd a risk assoc laced wi ntneim or caring Far these aftna ls- In ay opinion. the Rotated use or seen n-onkeys or kno,+1 Prlgin end a intalntd In a rcaizhy cnvi'nnm_nt :way few. nehor n. u.irgA as_ putentlei rectors for transnlssi,n o unYno.m •sums is rtasonabtc, and salt. The benefits acted from their use wilt far outweigh any rest. associa :ac with their presence. Oct it: eels SC) O_ OF flit!. t' :+Est.:H rbtcn 13, 157$ http /www offthewallemporium com/images /dr3HH jpg 0••MIT•eHT Or u1r T' 09 11) MVU AYt•UI •OI•O% 1• tlel4NUStt'! O)ITY Slncertly roots, I LE or- C. Hayes :'e 'r.h., Ph.D. =Associate Pre•essor af Page 1 of 1 Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic and Domestic Pets o Avian species o Reptiles and Fish o Rabbits o Hedgehogs o Ferrets o Guinea Pigs o Pocket Pets such as Mice, Rats, Hamsters, and Gerbils o Dogs o Cats o Farm Animals o Primates Potential Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic Pets Page I of 4 Potential Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic Pets Amy B Worell, DVM Some of the common zoonotic continued next page Some of the common zoonotic conditions affecting exotic pets are difficult if not impossible to accurately identify and isolate in these animals Veterinarians in clinical practice that are seeing nontraditional pets as patients should consider and educate themselves regarding the potential zoonotic diseases that may be affecting their patients Even though there are many potential zoonotic diseases that may occasionally affect these special animals, only the most common and frequently encountered conditions will be emphasized in this paper Veterinarians treating exotic animals should be aware that physicians may be uninformed as to the zoonotic conditions affecting commonly kept exotics and that the animal owners themselves often are poorly informed as to zoonotic disease potentially housed in their pets Knowledge of zoonotic conditions affecting exotic animals is particularly important in immunocompromised individuals, such as those individuals undergoing chemotherapy or with immunosuppressive conditions Some of the common zoonotic conditions affecting exotic pets are difficult if not impossible to accurately identify and isolate in these animals Such would be the situation with Salmonella infections in reptiles and chlamydiosis in some avian species These microorganism, in addition to difficulty in isolation and identifying the presence of the organism, may be intermittently shed from the animal, which further increases the challenge for identifying those animals which are subclinically affected Avian Species Chlamydiosis /Ornithosis (caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci) is one of the best known and most common of the zoonotic diseases affecting companion birds The presence of this bacterium in birds is often difficult to identify in the living patient, as the organism is only intermittently shed Definitive diagnosis in the live bird involves isolation of the organism Presumptive diagnosis in the live patient can be highly suggested by clinical signs, species affected, and a variety of supporting laboratory tests Birds can be subclinically affected or may demonstrate various signs of the disease Clinical signs in affected birds may include decreased egg production and hatch ability to the more common gastrointestinal or respiratory conditions Clinical signs in affected people can be described as similar to a common flu that does not resolve in a short period of time High temperatures and back pain may be noted Newcastle disease is a serious and fatal viral disease of avian species Affected birds may demonstrate neurological signs that progress to death Definitive diagnosis is through viral isolation of the organism The disease is quite contagious among birds, and has zoonotic potential that often may go unrecognized Clinical signs in people most commonly involve a mild conjunctivitis, which is self limiting Mycobacterium avian (and possibly other species) is the causative agent of tuberculosis Affected birds may carry the disease for years, with intermittent organism shed Clinical signs in avian species generally involve a significant weight loss in a poor -doing bird Definitive diagnosis is accomplished through viral isolation and identification of the organism, although the acid -fast test on tissue samples is commonly used for a diagnosis of avian TB Avian TB is considered a potential zoonotic disease especially in immunocompromised individuals Clinical signs in people would be associated with respiratory signs Other potential zoonotic diseases affecting avian species include Giardia Salmonellosis, Campylobacteiosis, Yersiniosis, and allergic alveolitis In this last condition, which is also called hypersensitivity pneumonitis, people become hypersensitized to avian antigenic substances such as feathers and fecal material It most commonly occurs with exposure to pigeons and budgengars http• /www anapsid org/worell html 05/06/2002 Potential Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic Pets Page 2 of 4 Reptiles Salmonella presence in many species of reptiles has been frequently documented in the literature and in lay publications Estimations, for example, of the commonly kept green iguana (Iguana iguana), suggest that up to 90% of these animals may harbor this organism Salmonella presence in many species of reptiles has been frequently documented in the literature and in lay publications As with other zoonotic infections affecting exotic animals, this bacterium may be carried for years, and intermittently shed from the animal Isolation of the organism from reptiles is difficult at best, and lack of isolation of the organism does not preclude its presence in an individual Estimations, for example, of the commonly kept green iguana (Iguana iguana), suggest that up to 90% of these animals may harbor this organism Clinical signs in carrier animals are probably nonexistent, while clinical signs in affected people can include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and death Actual documented cases of reptile originated human Salmonella infections are not common, especially considering the large numbers of these animals that are kept as pets As with many potentially zoonotic infections, children and immunosuppressed individuals are at greater risk for infection Culturing reptiles for the organism is not routinely done as the organism is intermittently shed from the intestinal tract If one elects to culture for the organism, then the literature suggests that five negative cultures would suggest a reptile free of Salmonella A new Salmonella PCR is also available which is genus specific for Salmonella It has been suggested that three negative PCR tests can be considered as five negative culture tests Other potential zoonotic diseases include Campylobacter and several Mycobacterium species Rabbits Cheyletiella infections are intermittently noted in rabbits Appearing as "walking dandruff' on the dorsal thoracic and lumbar areas of the body, the infections often go unnoticed by rabbit owners Diagnosis is through direct microscopic visualization of the organism Clinical signs other than the presence of dermatitis consisting of white flakes of skin are uncommon Affected rabbits generally are not pruritic and demonstrate little or no alopecia Zoonotic infections are considered possible, although extremely uncommon Dermatomycosis infections in rabbits should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an slope= or pruritic rabbit Both Microsporum and Trichophyton species can occur Diagnosis is through culture of the organism, and clinical signs are similar to other mammals Infections in people generally involve classical pruritic ringworm skin lesions Zoonotic potential seems to center on an individual's susceptibility to the infection rather than mere exposure to the fungus Hedgehogs Sarcoptic mange is a common skin condition of hedgehogs As with other species, the affected animal can be extremely pruritic and demonstrate excessive skin flaking Diagnosis is through identification of the mite, which can sometimes be accomplished through microscopic examination of the flaky skin that falls off the pet This method often is easier than obtaining a skin scraping on an awake hedgehog Dermatophytosis is sometimes identified in hedgehogs The most common causative agent is Tnchophyton, with a variety of species Clinically affected hedgehogs may have scaling along the ear margins and face, mild pruritis, and quill loss Trichophyton of course, has zoonotic potential Ferrets http /www anapsid org/worell html 05/06/2002 Potential Zoonotic Diseases in Exotic Pets pane 3 of 4 Scabies is intermittently encountered in pet guinea pigs Affected pigs are often covered with a flaky white material that mainly affects the dorsum of the pig They are often extremely pruritic and may seizure during examination or with stress The mite can transiently affect people Dermatophytosis caused by Tnchophyton species is sometimes seen in guinea pigs As with other animals susceptible to ringworm, zoonotic potential exists Pocket Pets such as Mice, Rats, Hamsters, and Gerbils Salmonellosis and dermatomycosis are occasionally encountered zoonotic infections in small pocket pets Pot Bellied Pigs Sarcoptic mange can be fairly commonly encountered dermatological condition in pet pot bellied pigs As with other scabies mites, the condition is potentially zoonotic Suggested References Created 2000 Human influenza virus which can be readily transmitted from people to ferrets can occasionally be transmitted back to people from ferrets Vaccination of ferrets though, is not recommended, as vaccination only produces short-term immunity and the disease itself is relatively self limiting Rabies virus is a rarely reported condition in ferrets Ferrets though are susceptible to the virus, and annual vaccination with an approved killed vaccine (Imrab 3, Merial, St Louis, Missouri) is recommended Microsporum, Tnchophyton, Salmoneliosis are also potentially zoonotic conditions affecting ferrets Guinea Pigs 1 Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery E Hillyer, K Quesenberry, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997 2 Handbook of Rodent and Rabbit Medicine K Laber Laird, M Swindle, and P Flecknell Elsevier Science Ltd New York 1996 3 Avian Medicine and Surgery B Altman, S Clubb, G Dorrestein, K Quesenberry W B Saunders, 1997 4 VIN Worell, Amy 1999 Potential zoonotic diseases in exotic pets Onginally published in Pulse, the journal of the Southern California Vetennaiy Medical Association Website Melissa Kaplan http• /www anapsid org /worell html 05/06/2002 Not Just For Teachers Before You Get A Reptile Health Behavior Kid Stuff (Something for kids of all ages) Care Article Pages Captive Environment Behavior, Breeding Reproduction Zoonoses General Herpetology, Conservation Education Pet Trade Issues and Activism Herp Resources Online Literature Supplies Herp Humor Reptile Societies Veterinarians About Melissa Kaplan Herp Societies /Reptile Vets Reprints and Copyrights Plants Herpetoculture Translations of Articles About Iguanas Melissa Kaplan's Iguana Care, Feeding Health, Illness, and Injury Socialization Behavior, Breeding Reproduction Food and Feeding Salmonella Captive Environment Food Plant Identification Sites Reptile Societies Veterinarians Lighting Heating Plants Herpetoculture Translations of Articles Potential Zoonotic Diseases in Erotic Pets All rights reserved. Herp Care Collection Page 4 of 4 Giant Green Iguana Care http /www anapsid org/worell html 05/06/2002 Disease Pa Dogs Cats Birds Primates Farm imals Reptiles Fish Rabbits Rodents Ascariasis X African Trypanosomiasis 84 American Trypanosomiasis 85 X X X Amebiasis 86 X X X Ancylostomiasis 98 X X Angiostrongyhasis 95 X X Amsakiasis 93 X Anthrax 24,36 X X Arboviruses 56 X X X X Ascanasis 106 X Babesiosis 81 X Bacterial Disease X X Balantidiasis 87 X X X Bertielllasis 111 X Blastomycosis 40 X Borrehosis 17 X X Brucellosis 3 X X California Encephalitis 69 X X Campylobactenosis 20 X X X X X X X Capillanasis 99 X X X Capnocytophaga 38 X X Cat Scratch Disease 42 X Chlamydia psittaci 39 X X X X X X Clostndial Infections 37 X Colibacillosis 21 X X Contagious Ecthyma 51 X Disease http• /www offthewallemponum com/zoonotic_diseasesitml Page 1 of 4 Zoonoses Comparative chart, compiled usmg information from the following sources UCSB Office of Research (a majority of the information was derived using this detailed list of zoonotic diseases 118 pages) http /research ucsb edu/connect /pro /disease html Zoonoses of house pets other than dogs, cats and birds (9 pages) By Bruno B Chomel, DVM Ph D Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 1992 11 479 -87 http /www sonic net html Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards (5 pages) http /archpedi ama -assn oig/issuesiv152n10 /ffull /pit 1098 -1 html Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ZOONOTIC DISEASES (huge fisting of diseases links) http /research ucsb edu/connect /acc /policy html 05/07/2002 Cryptosporidiosis 88 X a v X X X 1 X J r X X Cutaneous Larva 102 X X Cystic Hydatid Disease X Cytomegalovirus Disease 75 Dermatophilosis 29 X X X X Dermatophyte Infections 49 X X X X Dihyllobothriasis 108 X X X Dipyhdiasis (tape worm) 112 X X Dirofilana Infection (heartworm) X Ebola 71 X Echinococcosis 112 X X X ihrlichtosis 45 X X Erysipelothnx 30 X X X X F'lanas's 100 X X Flea Infestations X X Giardia lamblta 89 X X X X X Glanders 31 X X X Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 60 X Hemorrhagic fever 66 X Hepatitis A 74 X Herpesvirus 54 X Hymenolepsis Dimrnuta 114 X influenza 77 X X lsospora bell' Leishmaniasis 90 X Leptospirosis 16 X X X Listenosis 15 X X Y X X X Lyme Disease 18 X X X Lymphocutic choriomeningitis 68 X Marburg Virus 70 X X Measles X Mehoidosis 31 X X X X Migrans (hookworm) X Mite Infestations (Scabies) X Lt_ Monkey Pox 52 X Mycobactenosis X X Newcastle Disease 78 X Oesophagostomiasis 103 X Pasteurellosis 35 X X X X X X Pentostomiasis X Plague (Yersinia pasts) 9 X X X X X Disease rd QI1X}�R -Puv Page 2 of 4 2abh4s http: /www offthewallemponum com/zoonotic_diseaseshtml 05/07/2002 Plasmodium 83 ji k L S to lesiomonas X (2 Fever 44 X X X abies 72 X X X X X at bite Fever 34 X ckerrsialpox 47 X ngworm ocky Mountain Spotted Fever 46 Salmonellosis 4,22 X X X cnstosomiasis Shigellosis 6 I' X X Sparganosis Sporotnchosis X X Staphylococcal Food 1' oisonmg X Ix X 't Louis Encephalitis X X Streptobacrllary (RFB) Streptococcosis sun X Stronglyiodiasis tapeworm mu X oxop asmosis HHIi n 1 nchostror 1'nchostrongylosis Eau fl ■imoimmil •111Fal u' ercu osis u aremia Typhus ll n ibnosis iscera arva igrans 1 Yellow lever 59 Yersmia enterocolitica 7 X X X X X X Yersima I'seudotuberculosis X X otal Zoonoses for each Species Dogs 47 Cats 34 Birds lc Primates 27 F arm Animals 37 KeFish Fish 20 Rabbits 17 Rodents 44 Disease ciu# �i d d in �a�m Page 3 of 4 P-44 'e3 12athf5 y2cil4-tt Food For Thought The information provided by the medical community clearly shows humans are more at risk of catching diseases from our pet dogs and cats, domestic farm animals, reptiles& fish and rodents, than non -human pnmates Only birds and rabbits potentially carry less zoonoses than non -human primates Why are non -human primates targeted as being far too dangerous for the pnvate sector due to disease concerns'? It might behoove the group advocating against pnvate ownership of non -human pnmates to start with dogs and then in succession, rodents, farm animals and cats before non -human pnmates due to http: /www offthewallemporium com/zoonotic_diseases 05/07/2002 Disease Page 4 of 4 zoonotic diseases I personally know two individuals bitten by their domestic house cats and both individuals went to hospitals to be treated for blood poisoning One individual was bitten on her ear Her head swelled up so much due to infection, she almost died The other woman was bitten on the hand and needed to be given antibiotics intravenously I watched a news program several years ago that presented a story about a woman pianist who was bitten by her cat Her infection was so bad, she lost much of the use of her hand If regulation and legislation is to be fair let's get the facts straight as to the reasoning for it Back to Contents http: /www offthewallemporium com/zoonotic_diseaseshtml 05/07/2002 Pets and diseases, disease tntormation, NCID. CDC (DC Home !Search Health Topics A -Z sartrt Nucn+uoe reoecc National. Center.; For Infectious Diseases NCID Horne Disease Information NCID Organization Publications iuidelines Contact Us Infectious Disease Information Contents Infectious Diseases Information Index Useful Sites Specialty Sites EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Journal ►Travelers' Health /Surveillance Resources ►DPDx Parasitology Diagnostics Teachers Tools Student Resources Search NCID Search for GO Advanced Search Infectious Disease Information: Diseases Related to Pets Selected Disease Information by Type of Pet Jump to a topic using the list to the right.( Birds Cryptococcus infection (especially pigeons) (pronounced KRIP- toe -KOK- us) Who's most at risk: people with immune system disorders C yptococcosis' Technical Information Technical fact sheet Psittacosis (especially parrots, parakeets) (pronounced SIT uh- KO -sis) Who's most at risk: bird owners, pet shop employees Psittacosis Technical Information Technical fact sheet Salmonella infection (Page to be posted at later time) ,Ca y a tom p Campylobacter infection (pronounced CAM pee to -BAK -ter) Campylobacter Infections: General Information Fact sheet. Also, technical and additional information Cat scratch disease (Site to be posted in 2001) Who's most at risk: people with immune system disorders, cat owners Cryptosporidium Infection (pronounced KRIP- toe spor- ID- ee -um) Who's most at risk: people with immune system disorders http' /www,cdc gov /ncidod/diseases /pets /diseases htm ato top Sections Page Birds It Cats Dogs it Raccoons It Reptiles Small arm e s Farm animals on This Page 1 of 7 Topic Sections It Pets home page General information Diseases by type of pet Quarantine pet import and travel Note This link leads outside the CDC site to another federal agency or CDC partner site Any Ilnks from these sites to nonfederal organizations' links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links The Zink will open the page in a new browser window Some documents are available here in Adobe Acrobat Reader format (PDF) To view or print them, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader (version 3 0 or higher) installed on your computer If you do not have the reader, you can obtain it free from Adobe Corporation Click on the icon below to download the program from thelr Web site 04/24/2002 Pets and diseases, disease information. ivC1D, CDC Page 2 of Cryptospondiosis List of fact sheets and technical articles Dipylidium infection (dog and cat flea tapeworm) Fact_Sheet• Dipylidium Infection _(Dog and Cat Flea Tapeworm) Fact sheet Hookworm Who's most at risk: owners of puppies and kittens Heavy hookworm infection can create serious health problems for newborns, children, pregnant women, and persons who are malnourished Recommendations for Veterinarians How To Prevent Transmission of Intestinal Roundworms from Pets to People [includes hookworms] While designed for veterinarians, this page offers valuable information to pet owners Rabies Who's most at risk people who come in contact with rabid wild animals or rabid pets Rabies Site. See especially Questions and Answers Rabies (Just for Kids') Great site for school -age children! What they need to know, interesting facts, lots of good pictures, simple activities Ringworm Who's most at risk: children, owners of pets such as cats and dogs Ringworm in the Child Care Setting Nature, symptoms, treatment, childcare setting to- dos. From The ABCs of Safe and Healthy Child Care Roundworms, intestinal Who's most at risk children, although adults can also become infected Recommendations for Veterinarians: How To Prevent Transmission of Intestinal Roundworms from Pets to People While designed for veterinarians, this page offers valuable information to pet owners Salmonella Infection Who's most at risk' owners of these pets; http" /www cdc gov /ncidod/diseases /pets /diseases htm 04/24/2002 Pets and diseases, disease information, NCID, CDC particularly severe for children, elderly, and people with immune system disorders (Page to be posted later) Toxoplasmosis (pronounced TOX-o plaz- MO -sis) Who's most at risk children of women who were infected during pregnancy, people with immune system disorders Toxoplasmosis List of fact sheets and technical articles You Can Prevent Toxo: A Guide for People with HIV Infection Brochure. From the National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Plague A rare disease, but still keep it in mind Who's most at risk pet owners in areas of U.S where rodent plague occurs Plague Site. See especially Questions and Answers Plague• Prevention Fact sheet A Quick Guide to Plague Illustrated brochure Adobe Acrobat Reader (1.5 MB) Guia Rapida Sobre La Peste "A Quick Guide to Plague Spanish language version. Adobe Acrobat Reader, (720 KB) Dogs Brucellosis Brucellosis: (Brucella mehtensis, abortus SIBS, and cams): General Information Fact sheet. Also, technical and additional information Campylobacter infection (pronounced CAM pee to -BAK -ter) Campylobacter Infections: General Information sa to top Page 3 of http /www cdc gov /ncidod/diseases/pets /diseases htm 04/24/2002 Pets and diseases, disease information, NCID, CDC Page 4 of 7 Fact sheet Also, technical and additional information Cryptosporidium infection (pronounced KRIP- toe spor- ID- ee -um) Who's most at risk. people with immune system disorders Crypto pondiosis List of fact sheets and technical articles Dipylidium infection (dog and cat flea tapeworm) Who's most at risk: children of women who were infected during pregnancy; people with immune system disorders Fact Sheet: Drpvlidrum Infection (Dog and Cat Flea Tapeworm) Fact sheet Hookworm Who's most at risk: owners of puppies and kittens Heavy hookworm infection can create serious health problems for newborns, children, pregnant women, and persons who are malnourished Recommendations for Veterinarians: How To Prevent Transmission of Intestinal Roundworms from Pets to People [includes hookworms) While designed for veterinarians, this page offers valuable information to pet owners Rabies Who's most at risk: people who come In contact with rabid wild animals or rabid pets Bak ie S ite, See especially Questions and Answers Rabies (Just for Kids') Great site for school -age children' What they need to know, interesting facts, lots of good pictures, even simple activities Ringworm Who's most at risk: children, owners of pets suc as cats and dogs Ringworm in the Child Care Setting Nature, symptoms, treatment, childcare setting dos. From The ABCs of Safe and Healthy ChildCar Rocky Mountain fever goof ncidod idiseases /pets/diseases.htm Pets and diseases, disease information, iIC1D, CDC Page 5 of 7 Who's most at risk' in areas where the disease is reported, people who are frequently around dogs and who reside near wooded areas or areas with high grass Children under 15 are most likely to become infected Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Introduction Site Roundworms, intestinal Who's most at risk children, although adults can also become infected Recommendations for Veterinarians: How To Prevent Transmission of Intestinal Roundworms from Pets to People While designed for veterinarians, this page offers valuable information to pet owners Salmonella infection Who's most at risk owners of these pets; particularly severe for children, elderly, and people with immune system disorders (Page to be posted later) Toxocara infection (pronounced TOX- o- KAR -uh) Fact Sheet Toxocariasis Fact sheet Leptospira infection A rare infection, but occuring more frequently. Who's most at risk. people whose dogs are exposed to wildlife or water contaminated with the bacterial agent when they run outside i �R� }fir Leptospirosis and Your Pet Fact sheet a"coons'(tamed and wild) Baylisascaris infection A rare infection, but keep it In mind Baylisascaris Infection Fact sheet Rabies Who's most at risk: people who come in contact with rabid wild animals or rabid pets ttp: 1 wWw :cdc.gov /ncidod/diseases/pets /diseases htm a. to top 1 4 04/24/2002 Pets and diseases, disease information, NCID, CDC IQP fir_ C_?t Rabies Site See especially Questions and Answers Rabies (Just for Kids') Great site for school -age children! What they need to know, interesting facts, lots of good pictures, even simple activities Reptiles such as iguanas Salmonella infection Who's most at risk: owners of these pets; particularly severe for children, the elderly, and people with immune system disorders Salmonella Infections in the Child Care Setting Nature, symptoms, treatment, childcare setting to- dos. From The ABCs of Safe and Healthy Child Care Salmoneilosis General Information Fact sheet Small animals (including hamsters, gerbil i4 mice,-pet'rafs;'guinea:; ga, rabbits) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (pronounced LIM -fo- SIT -ik KOR-ee-o- MEN- in -JlE- tiss) A rare Infection. Who's most at risk: Owners of pet mice or hamsters, children whose mothers become infected during pregnancy Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Fact sheet NOTE CDC Is not a hospital or clinical facility, we do not see patients and are unable to diagnose your Illness, provide treatment, prescribe medication, or refer you to specialists sto top Lto top s to top; Please visit the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the Food and Drug Administration* If you have a medical emergency, contacting CDC is not the proper way to get Immediate help Instead, please contact your health provider or go to the nearest emergency room If you are a health care provider, please contact your state epidemiologist or local health department Page 6of7 NCID Home 1 Disease Information 1 NCID Organization 1 Publica i Guidelines 1 Contact Us www.cac eov /ncidod/diseases/pets /diseases htm 04/24/2002 Reptile- related Salmonella Page 1 of 2 Reptile Related Salmonellosis 1996 Shannan K Meehan Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) Vol 209, No 3, August 1996 Page 531 There is a growing trend in the United States toward reptile ownership In some parts of the country, up to three percent of households own reptiles, according to Dr Frederick J Angulo of the CDC Increased ownership has led to a marked increase in the number of cases of reptile associated salmonellosis reported to the CDC The agency is currently trying to determine the extent of the problem, but cases of reptile- associated salmonellosis are estimated at 50,000 annually Because of this, the CDC, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council, and state health departments are developing a consumer education program aimed at reptile owners, warning of the dangers of reptile associated salmonellosis Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps lasting one to two days In infants and the elderly, salmonellosis can be a serous infection causing hospitalization, dehydration, and [in] extreme cases, death In the 1970s, turtles were popular pets, but a ban on all turtles less than four inches in length as well as on the interstate shipment of turtles proved effective in educating the public of the inherent dangers of Salmonella by the turtles The ban affected only turtles because, at that time, it wasn't recognized that other reptiles were a risk, and ownership of reptiles was not very popular, according to Dr Angulo "Since then, there's been increasing ownership of reptiles, and the problem of reptile- related salmonellosis has become increasingly evident," Dr Angulo said The emphasis at the CDC regarding salmonellosis is now on education Research has determined that all reptiles carry Salmonella because the bacteria are part of their normal flora The current education program, targeted at pet -store clientele, includes posters and brochures The posters, available since the end of July, and brochures, set for distribution by the end of 1996, carry two messages "The first message is the need for reptile owners to wash their hands after touching the reptile," Dr Angulo said The second message advises consumers that the CDC has determined the risk of contact with reptiles, and subsequent transmission of salmonellas's, is too great for families with children under a year old and families with infants The agency strongly advises families with infants not to own reptiles, according to Dr Angulo The CDC has teed to determine what knowledge practitioners have about Salmonella and reptiles "We did a survey of veterinarans in California and asked them what they knew about salmonellosis We were pleased to find that most veterinanans are well aware that turtles are a possible source of the illness of salmonellosis "But we were disappointed to find out that many veterinarians were not aware that other reptiles, especially snakes, could be a cause of illness [The CDC] firmly believes that all types of reptiles— turtles, lizards, snakes -carry Salmonella and are a possible source of infection for human beings Practitioners need to be aware of the potential risks of salmonellosis, so they can protect themselves, their staff, and their clients Dr Angulo said practices should ensure that adequate hand washing facilities exist and that staff members should be encouraged to wash their hands, especially after handling reptiles Practitioners also play an important role in educating the pet owning public "Although veterinarans don't typically see a lot of reptile owning clients, some education about the need for hand washing after handling reptiles would be very useful http /www.anapsid org /javma html 05/07/2002 Dog bites. A neglected problem in accident prevention. Lauer EA, White WC, Lauer BA Dog bites are a common but neglected pediatric problem To clarify the epidemiology of dog bites and to learn if parents would welcome counseling aimed at preventing bites, 455 families (960 children) in a Denver pediatric practice were surveyed One hundred ninety -four children (20 2 had been bitten at least once, with the majority of bites occurring before the child was aged 5 years Forty -three percent of the bites prompted a visit to a physician and 16 5% received sutures German shepherds were responsible for 17% of the incidents, more than expected relative to their popularity as pets The dogs usually were owned by a neighbor (40 2 or the victim's family (31%) Approximately half of the bites were believed to be unprovoked. Seventy -seven percent of the parents believed that dog bite prevention warranted discussion with their physician Dog bites are an important pediatric problem, and parents should be counseled accordingly during well -child visits Reptiles and Salmonella About 7 3 million "pet" reptiles are possessed by approximately 3% of U S households. Ninety percent of all reptiles carry and shed salmonella in their feces Iguanas, snakes, lizards, and turtles are common carriers of the bacterium Reptiles that carry salmonella do not show any symptoms, there is no simple way to tell which reptiles play host to the microbe and which do not, because even those that have it do not constantly shed the bactenum Salmonellosis associated with exotic pets has been described as one of the most important public health diseases affecting more people and animals than any other single disease n The CDC estimates that 93,000 salmonella cases caused by exposure to reptiles are reported each year in the United States rs In Arizona, a 3- week -old boy was admitted to the emergency room with fever, vomiting, and diarrhea that had persisted for 15 days The infant was hospitalized for 10 days and treated with intravenous fluids and amoxicillm The cause of the illness was Salmonella poisoning which he contracted from the family's pet iguana One month later the infant was visiting relatives where the iguana had been relocated, two days after the visit the infant was again rushed to the emergency room with fever and diarrhea and diagnosed with salmonella poisoning 19 Individuals become infected by ingesting salmonella after handling a reptile or objects the reptile contaminated, and then failing to wash their hands properly (this can be either indirect or direct contact with infected reptiles) Salmonella bacteria do not make the animal sick, but in people, they can cause serious cases of severe diarrhea (with or without blood), headache, malaise, nausea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and even death especially in young children, the elderly, and those with immune compromised systems. In addition, salmonella infection can result in sepsis and meningitis (particularly in children) as well as invade the intestinal mucosa and enter the bloodstream, causing septicemia and death During 1996 -1998 16 different state health departments reported to the CDC salmonella infections in persons who had direct or indirect contact with pet reptiles,20 and in 1994 to 1995, 13 different state health departments reported salmonella infections The CDC recommends that children, people with compromised immune systems, and the elderly should avoid all contact with reptiles and not possess them as pets http //www ncbi nlm nih gov/htbm- post/Entreziquery Iguanas and Salmonella manna infection in children a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile- associated salmonellosis in the United States Memmn J, Hoar B. Angulo FJ Division of Bacterial and Nlycolic Disease. National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Pievention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. USA OBJECTIVE To investigate clinical aspects and tisk factors for Salmonella serotype Mai ina infection in the United States METHODS We identified all isolates of S Marina reported in 1994 to the National Salmonella Surveillance System Patients weie interviewed about demographic information. clinical course, diet. travel history, and contact with reptiles befoie illness RESUL lwenty -six (81 of32 patients were infants <1 year of age) and 24 (75 weie male This differs from other Salmonella isolates reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention m 1994. of winch 14% were from infants and 49% from male patients Eleven patients (34 were hospitalized fora median of 3 5 days (range 2 to 21 days), and 1 died Of 28 patients (88 with reported iguana exposure, only 4 (14 touched the reptile. and only 12 respondents (43 realized that it might hate been the source of infection Seven (32 of 22 families who owned an iguana at the time of illness continued to own an iguana when contacted a median of 28 weeks later Persons who thought that the iguana was the source of infection weie more likely to have given away or sold the pet than those who did not Four isolates (13 were from blood Bacteremia was associated with taking antibiotics during the 30 days before S Marina infection (odds ratio 24, 95% confidence interval 1 2- 1309). CONCLUSION S Marina infection is a potentially serious illness associated with iguana exposure, and it reflects the larger problem of reptile- associated salmonellosis Many parents do not know that owning an iguana puts their childien at risk for Salmonella infection Pediatricians, y ctermarians, and pet store ow ners should inform their patients and customers of the potential risks of owning reptiles and provide appropriate preventive education. Human Health Concerns with Reptiles Page 1 of 7 ZOONOSES HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS Melissa Kaplan, M A Reprinted from Reptiles. A Teacher's Guide to their Care and Keeping in the Classroom Master's Thesis Sonoma State University Rohnert Park CA 1997 Melissa Kaplan mehssk @sonic net Accidents and injuries can happen, both to the reptile and the reptile handler Not only can bites happen, but there are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and that means between reptiles and humans As a teacher, you need to be aware of what they are and how to protect yourself and your students and how to use the information to reassure other teachers, administrators, and parents who express grave concern about your reptile due to the news reports they hear Zoonoses are diseases or organisms that can be passed between disparate animal groups Humans can get toxoplasmosis from their cats, rabies from squirrels, Campylobacter and brucellosis from dogs, Lyme disease from deer ticks, Q Fever from snake ticks, Cryptospondium from birds or your child's day care facility (or municipal water supply), and Salmonella from just about everything reptiles, chicken nuggets, alfalfa sprouts, dad's barbecue, and mom's apple pie If you are a healthy adult (relatively stress -free, with a strong immune system), you are unlikely to get more than a mild flu -like illness from these things if you experience any symptoms at all However, fetuses are at risk if their mother is infected with toxoplasmosis or some other organisms and parasites (wildlife rehabilitators, for example, do not work with raccoons or skunks if they are pregnant or trying to get pregnant due to fetal risk) Newborns are at risk from just about everything as their immune systems are not well developed and, when they get diarrhea, they dehydrate much faster as they have less fluid volume to lose The overall disease process in infants and toddlers may be different, such as salmonellosis causing meningitis Anyone who is immune compromised, be it a cancer patient, organ donor or recipient, someone who is just getting over a serious illness, is HIV positive, or has one of the many immune disorders such as MCSS, lupus, and others, is also at risk for serious illness from these organisms To become infected, one needn't even come into direct contact with the infected animal's feces Indirect contact works just fine, thank you, as these organisms and parasites live for long periods of times outside the body of their host If you cleaned an infected animal's enclosure, inadvertently splashing water on the counter where a student later momentarily sets down an apple he is eating, he may get sick If a student who has a small cut on her hand is helping you clean an enclosure, and she get feces contaminated water on her hands -and the cut -she may get infected even if she washes her hands afterwards with hot, soapy water A student who holds a snake, one whose enclosure isn't cleaned all that often and so it has no choice but to rub up against its own feces, and that student rubs his eye, or eats a potato chip, or opens a bottle of juice before washing his hands, is at risk You may even pass it to students by your apparently clean but contaminated hands coming into contact with the papers you graded and returned SALMONELLA Salmonella has been in the news a great deal lately, mostly due to the infant deaths traced back to the Salmonella they were infected with by their parents who were themselves not aware that reptiles carried zoonotic diseases While iguanas have been named in these news reports, the CDC has documented http /www anapsid org/humheal html 05/07/2002 Human Health Concerns with Reptiles Page 2 of 7 cases where other reptiles, including savannah monitors and corn snakes, were responsible for infections in adult humans serious enough to result in their hospitalization But your reptiles couldn't possibly have Salmonella, you say's Dr Cathy A Johnson Delaney, DVM, who writes about zoonoses in her chapter, Reptile Zoonoses and Threats to Public Health (in Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Douglas Mader, (Ed W B Saunders Co Philadelphia, PA, 1996), has researched the literature and found the following infection rates in pet trade reptiles Turtles Snakes Lizards 12 1 85% 16 92% 36 77% Even if you take an average of these figures, the numbers are unsettling Of a survey of veterinary necropsies in Canada during 1979 -83, she writes, "150 pet reptiles were submitted for necropsy 51% of the snakes, 48% of the lizards, and 7% of the turtles cultured positive for Salmonella spp with 31 different serotypes identified Indeed, it is thought by many researchers that, based on the fact that Salmonella (and some other organisms) are so common in so many different species of reptiles that it may be saprophytic the organisms live benignly inside the animals, feeding on dead organic matter in their bodies Salmonella lives a long time outside a digestive tract Viable organisms have been found on snake skin shed years after those sheds had been hanging, forgotten in a college lab The researchers in the same lab cultured Salmonella from an clean, empty, wooden reptile enclosure six months after the last inhabitant left Johnson Delaney reports that viable Salmonella organisms have been found after 89 days 120 days 280 days 28 months 30 months tap water pasture soil garden soil bird feces cow manure Besides Salmonella (of which there are hundreds of different serotypes, some relatively harmless, some extremely virulent), the most commonly occurring reptile- related zoonoses are Aeromonas Campylobacter Crtrobacter Colstndrum Comyebactenum Edwardsrela tarda E colt Enterobacter Klebsrella Leptospira Mycobactenum Nerssena Pasturella Proteus Serratra Staphylococcus Streptococcus Most of the above cause diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, and other Salmonella -like symptoms in humans Health authorities have already traced many of these infections in children and adolescents back to their reptiles The reptiles may themselves not look or act ill, they may not have diarrhea You cannot determine whether or not any animal is Infected just by looking at it In fact, testing for these organisms is http: /www anapsid org/humheal.html 05/07/2002 Human Health Concerns vvrth Reptiles Page 3 of 7 notoriously ineffective as the organism may not appear in every fecal mass deposited by the reptile You will need have testing done repeatedly over a period of a couple of months to even begin to feel somewhat confident that your reptile may not carrying the organism being tested for, for some of these organisms, blood testing may detect their presence Treating asymptomatic reptiles is not recommended as that just creates antibiotic resistant organisms A new strain of Salmonella has recently hit the United States, found in school and other milk supplies It has already infected several (and killed a couple) of young children in the United Kingdom The latest and best antibiotic we now have available is ineffective against it As fast as we can develop and produce new antibiotics, the bacteria out there are mutating resistance even faster The only way to reduce or eliminate the risk of any zoonotic infection is to not be casual about cleaning, disinfecting, and handling REALITY CHECK Okay, that was the bad news The good news is that, if you know that you may be working with infected animals and that you and your students may be infected if you don't think about what you are doing when you clean their enclosures, you will greatly reduce the risk of anyone who is otherwise healthy getting sick (extreme care must always be taken when anyone is in the high -risk category for infection) The article on Cleaning Disinfecting discusses proper cleaning and disinfecting procedures, including those necessary when working with obviously sick animals and animals in quarantine The other things you can do, and make sure your student helpers do, include Wear disposable gloves when cleaning enclosures Make it easy on everyone keep a box near your reptile area If you have several reptile enclosures spread throughout your classroom, keep several boxes out They can be purchased in boxes of 100s from medical supply stores Dispose of contaminated water by flushing it down a toilet after first lifting the seat, spray the rim and inside of the bowl with your disinfectant when done, after first wiping up any splashes When removing furnishings from an enclosure for any reason, set them down on sheets of newspaper, once you are done with the newspaper, fold it up and put it in the covered garbage container, pushing it down out of the way of casual contact by students who later come to deposit trash in the same container Regularly clean and disinfect water bowls, rocks, branches, etc Bowls can be cleaned and disinfected with the same soap and disinfectants you use for the enclosure, rinsing them off thoroughly before use Rocks can be boiled for 20 minutes, or washed in hot, soapy water, then sprayed thoroughly with disinfectant, then nnsed thoroughly before use Small branches can be baked in a 250° F oven, or soaked in disinfectant for 24 hours, then rinsed thoroughly, soaked in fresh water for 24 hours, then rinsed and allowed to dry thoroughly, preferably in the sun If working with aquatic or semi aquatic enclosures, prevent accidental splashes into the eyes, nose and mouth by wearing safety goggles and face -mask protection Antibacterial soaps and cleaners inhibit the replication of existing bacteria they do not kill them To kill bacteria on a surface you must disinfect it Not all antibacterial soaps may be doing the job you think they are There should be an EPA number on the label of these products, you can call the EPA to check to see if in fact it is effective As of 1996, triclosan, found in Dial® and some other antibacterial hand and dish soaps, was one of the few effective antibacterials used in soaps when used properly (meaning it must be left on the surface for at least ten minutes read the fine print on the container) Note that some people who think they are allergic to their reptiles are in fact allergic to something in the antibacterial soap they are using So, if one brand gives you a rash, try another An easy and inexpensive way to make antimicrobial hand -wipes to keep around the classroom http /www anapsid org/humheal htmi 05/07/2002 Human Health Concerns with Reptiles Page 4 of 7 pour a pint of rubbing alcohol or chlorhexidine diacetate into a container of baby -wipes After hands are washed, they can be wiped with the antimicrobial wipes Think carefully before deciding to keep reptiles in any child -care facility where toddlers and pre- schoolers are cared for Check your state school and facility licensing codes to make sure that animals are not expressly prohibited from being kept in schools and other facilities caring for young children Reptiles kept in classrooms should not be handled unless appropriate handwashing and clean -up facilities are available and made accessible to children and staff and they are used whenever any contact with the reptiles or their enclosures occurs If you cannot assure the necessary facilities for cage cleaning and disinfecting, or for you and your students to be able to quickly wash with hot, soapy water after contact with the reptiles, then reptiles should not be housed in the classroom Disinfectant lotions, pump sprays or similar products should be carried whenever reptiles are going to be handled in the field, in the classroom, at swap meets or other locations where handwashing facilities may be absent Note that some of these disinfectant or antibacterial products may not be effective against the Salmonella commonly found in reptiles BITES AND SCRATCHES When you do get bitten or scratched by a reptile Flush well with warm water Soap it to remove any debris If the bite is deep, it should be power flushed (several 30 -60 cc syringes full of stenle saline (sodium chloride) should be pumped into deep or jagged bites to flush out bits of skin, muscle and bacteria) Keep in mind that if a bite is bad enough to require power flushing, it is bad enough to be seen by a doctor to be evaluated for stitches and antibiotics Another reason for seeing a doctor is that, since some reptiles may leave teeth behind in the wound, such bites should be probed to find and remove them before healing starts Swab the wound with Betadine® (povidone- iodine) Hibiclens (chlorhexidine gluconate, available at supermarkets or pharmacies), Nolvasan® (chlorhexidine diacetate, the veterinary form of Hibiclens, available at feed stores and through mail -order animal supply houses), Bactine or other antiseptic products are available if you are allergic to iodine products Top the wound with an antibiotic ointment or cream After the first 24-48 hours, try to leave the wound unbandaged as much as possible every day, wearing instead just a light film of antibiotic ointment over it Cover it when you are preparing human food, doing human dishes, handling reptiles, feeding reptiles, and when cleaning reptile enclosures If the bite or scratch is on your hand, wear a disposable glove over the bandage when working with the reptiles If the scratch or bite is deep, soak it several times a day, for 20 -30 minutes, in water, as hot as you can tolerate, to which Betadine, Hibiclens, or Nolvasan has been added If the bitten or scratched body part is not easily soakable, apply hot compresses soaked in the water /antiseptic solution instead At night, clean the wound with warm water, then apply an antibacterial ointment before covering with a bandage This process promotes rapid healing as both the anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are dealt with Bag Balm an antibiotic ointment sold in supermarkets, pharmacies, and feed stores, promotes rapid healing from the outside in This reduces the risk of wound contamination from other http /www anapsid org/humheal html 05/07/2002 Human Health Concerns with Reptiles Page 5 of 7 bacterial and fungal sources during the healing process When used on very deep wounds, the healing tissues under the healed up skin may continue to be tender, even painful, for a while as those tissues heal The one problem with forcing such rapid healing is that if there is any infection festering deep inside, recovery will be delayed, even if you are on systemic antibiotics, and you may require minor surgery to have the site opened up and cleaned out If the bite is deep enough to be a potential problem (rather than a nice neat row of tooth punctures, or minor laceration because you Jerked your hand /arm /leg away), then you should seek medical attention There is a difference of opinion as to whether animal bites should be stitched or not Stitched animal bites seem to run a higher risk of infection (Note If it does need stitches, they must be done within 4 -6 hours of the incident) Part of the problem may be the medical community's lack of knowledge as to what type of organisms typically inhabit the biter's mouth, or perhaps because the wound wasn't flushed out well enough, leaving debris and a tooth or two in there to start festering along with any bacterial organisms ground in during the act of biting itself If you have any doubt about whether you should seek medical attention, go get medical attention It is better to err on the side of caution than to risk a potentially serious and long- lasting infection When you do see your physician, tell him or her that reptiles carry Gram negative bacteria in their mouths This may affect the type of oral antibiotic they prescribe for you if they are going to prescribe any and be prepared these antibiotics are expensive, even in their generic form Take the full course of antibiotics prescribed, even if there is no sign of infection and your wound seems to be healing well Failure to complete the course of antibiotics means that the bacteria in your system that managed to survive the amount you did take will become resistant to that antibiotic Antibiotic resistant bacterial strains have become an increasing health problem in the U S and elsewhere, so be smart and finish the whole thing it may help you in the future (Does the term "flesh- eating bacteria" ring a bell? This is one of the more extreme examples of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains we have fostered if you work with animals, especially untamed ones, or wild or exotic ones, it makes sense to keep your tetanus boosters up to date Here, too, are two schools of thought those physicians who feel that the titers in your blood remain viable enough to fend off infection for 7 -10 years, and those who feel that you need to get your boosters every 5 years Discuss this with your doctor, preferably before you are bleeding all over one of his or her exam rooms AVOIDING BITES Bites don't "just happen Something triggers them Reptiles, like other animals, will generally let you know that they are going to bite They may not give you a lot of warning, but if you are alert and sensitive to their body posture, movements and behavioral cycles, you will be able to read them as easily as you do a book Green iguanas, who have to be the reptile most responsible for humans seeking medical attention for bites, are extremely communicative Their head cocked to one side, the eyelids lowered slightly, mouth Just barely agape, hatcheted body (lateral compression) balanced on slightly crouched legs, tail raised, twitching slightly from side to side like a cat's they do everything but wave a sign that says "It's showhmel" During breeding season, humans may unwittingly trigger attacks through the colors they wear, nodding or bobbing their heads, messing with an iguana's diurnal schedule, not providing suitable outlets for aggression and lust (who knew that caring for a male iguana was often an "R" rated endeavors) Watch carefully, be observant of subtle changes in their color, behavior, and posture, be careful to not present any triggers, and be prepared Do all this and you will greatly reduce your risk of being bitten That's not to say that you won't be bitten you may react too slowly, or you may Just get stupid and let yourself get distracted for a second (which is why I am still typing with nine fingers more than two years after getting a bite that I knew was coming but acted stupidly and so got exactly what I knew was coming) but at least you won't become a close personal friend of the entire emergency room, radiology department, and pharmacy staff at your local hospitals http /www anapsid org/humheal html 05/07/2002 Before You Get A Reptile Care Article Pages Health Behavior Not Just For Teachers General Herpetology, Conservation Captive Environment Education Kid Stuff Literature Supplies Pet Trade Issues and Activism (Something for kids of all ages) Working the Internet Herp Resources Herp Humor Hunan Health Concerns with Reptiles Page 6 of When you keep animals and Interact with them, you will, at some point, get bitten The chances of being bitten increase significantly when the animals with whom you are interacting are not domesticated animals, defined as species who have been bred for docility and reduction of inherited traits that would lead to owner Injury (biting, scratching) Aside from some farm animals, the only other animals who truly qualify for these abnormal (from the standpoint of undomesticated animals) traits are dogs, house cats, some parrots and small song birds, white rats and mice house rabbits, and corn snakes All other animals, whether you are talking about iguanas, sugar gliders, hedgehogs, ferrets or other pets du jour who are not derived from domesticated stock, always remain, at a level just beneath the thin veneer of tameness, wild animals equipped with the reflexes and responses of wild animals In the vast majority of cases, when a human gets bitten by a tame or wild animal, the reason why the bite happened can generally be traced to something the human did, or didn't, do Animals are rarely malicious or capricious They are reacting to perceived threats or other stimuli It's not their fault if we don't speak their "language Thus, the more you learn and the more observant and thoughtful you are, the more you will reduce the risk of being bitten When you do get bitten, keep in mind that the animal isn't necessarily being malicious, or nasty, or biting because it enjoys biting (something that is Important to communicate to your students). It chomped on you for a reason It is up to you to figure out why the bite happened so that it doesn't happen again It is also up to you to deal with the animal appropriately after the bite Hitting the reptile, throwing it against the wall -any physical act of retribution or punishment -is meaningless to the animal and constitutes animal cruelty, no matter how much better such an act may temporarily make you feel If the reptile is a highly socialized animal, just knowing that you are mad (through your tone of voice and deprivation of normal physical or proximity contact for a short time, such as several hours) is generally enough to get the point across This may not stop the raging hormones and reflexive responses from taking its toll again in the future, but getting deeply mad and resentful at such an animal is like getting mad at an earthquake or a flood Like a force of nature, you do what you can to prevent damage, mitigate its effects once you see that you may not escape unscathed, but once it happens, you regroup and get on with your life Kaplan, Melissa 1997 Classroom Reptiles Human Health Concerns Originally published in Classroom Reptiles A Teacher's Guide to the Selection and Care in the Classroom Master's thesis, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Created January 1999 Last Updated http /www anapsid org/hunheal html 1997 Melissa Kaplan All rights reserved. Herp Care Collection 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge Attitudes. and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 1 of 6 BUtvt,lt3 Vol 152 No 10, 4 October 1998 lo Return to Table of Contents Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Results of a Pediatrician Survey Comment 1 J. IUt I,ItSI 6Ut1 ARCHIVES PFOIM1® AI \III kL T \1fPICl \k INDEXES CJRREtI ISSUE ft IOIIE!AES OFTCEAVA The Pediatric Forum PAST ISSUES Participants and Methods FTEtlAEG POF OF THISARTICEE Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, See Related and Practices Regarding Pet-Associated Authors' Articles Hazards Pets, present in more than half the households in the United States, provide emotional and physical benefits to their owners 1 However, pet associated human illnesses and Injuries cause significant morbidity and mortality, incurring substantial economic costs for owners and insurance companies The most costly pet associated health hazards, Salmonella gastroenteritis, congenital toxoplasmosis, and animal bites, a are potentially preventable with appropriate knowledge and precautions 5-8 We hypothesize that there is a lack of awareness of pet associated health risks among parents, and that pediatricians do not educate their patients about the health risks involved in owning a pet This study assesses parents' and pediatricians' knowledge of specific pet related risks, identifies the sources of this information, and examines pediatricians' attitudes regarding education about pet associated health risks Primary caregivers of children were given a 1 -page questionnaire during patient visits at 5 pediatric practices in Tucson, Ariz, between May 29 and July 28, 1995 We asked about pet ownership, pet related health hazards and sources of this information We only analyzed data from parents because other caregivers represented a very small proportion of respondents A different 1 -page questionnaire was distributed at a citywide pediatric conference and mailed to all Tucson pediatricians with instructions to complete and return only one questionnaire We asked about the same pet related health hazards, sources of this information, and whether they counseled parents on these issues We only analyzed data from pediatricians because other providers represented a very small proportion of respondents No remuneration was offered to study participants, and all questionnaires were anonymous We analyzed data using a commercially available software program, Eprinfo Version 6 04a (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Altanta, Ga) and calculated relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) http /archpedi ama- assn. orghssues /v152n10 /ffull/plt1098 -1 htmi 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge. Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 3 of 6 Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Results of a Pediatrician Survey Comment s Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Results of the Parent Survey Demographics Of the 372 caregiver questionnaires distributed, 254 (68 were completed and returned Of these, 231 (91 were completed by the child's parent, 90% of whom were the child's mother Of the 231 parents surveyed, 98 (42 had children aged 0 to 1 year living with them, 117 (51 had children aged 2 to 5 years, and 121 (52 had children aged 6 to 18 years Additionally, 177 (77 families had pets, including dogs (55 cats (29 fish (15 reptiles (14 rodents (7 birds (6 and other types of animals (3 Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Specific Pet Associated Health Hazards Among 231 parents surveyed, 96 (42 knew that reptiles can carry Salmonella species In addition, 20 (9 incorrectly believed that reptiles can carry rabies, 12 (5 influenza, and 9 (4 plague Twenty -five parents (11 knew that reptiles can transmit meningitis to infants even without direct reptile contact Importantly, 113 respondents (49 did not know whether these diseases are transmitted to humans by reptiles, and 53 (23 reported they did not know about any risk of reptile -to- infant disease transmission Reptile owners were 1 5 times more likely to know that reptiles can transmit Salmonella species to humans than nonreptile owners (95% CI =1 08 -2 12) Regarding toxoplasmosis, 175 (76 of 231 parents recognized that this infection may be transmitted by contact with cat feces, while only 35 (15 identified transmission from undercooked meat, and 24 (10 from garden soil Five parents (2 incorrectly identified dog saliva as a source Overall, 49 parents (21 indicated that they had no information about toxoplasmosis Parents noted that they had obtained information about toxoplasmosis from newspapers or magazines (40 an obstetrician (35 television (11 a pediatrician (7 and pet store personnel or veterinarians (5 Having obtained information from newspapers or magazines was associated with correct knowledge about toxoplasmosis transmission from cat feces (RR =1 48, 95% CI =1 28 -1 67) and soil (RR =2 52, 95% CI =1 09- 7 25), but not from other sources Cat owners were not any more likely to know how toxoplasmosis is transmitted than those who did not own cats A total of 126 parents (55 reported having dogs in their household Among these, 69 households (50 had large dogs (50 -150 Ibs [22 6-67 8 kg]), 44 (32 had medium -sized dogs (25- 49 Ibs [11 3 -22 1 kg]), and 41 (29 had small dogs <25 Ibs <11 3 kg]) While 152 parents (66 indicated that infants are at risk for fatal bites from large dogs, 27 families (20 with children 0 to 1 year old had a large dog in the home Overall, 58% of all dog owners and 63% of dog owners with children 0 to 5 years old believed that a 4- year -old would be safe unsupervised with their dog (s) http• /archpedi ama -assn org /issues /v152n10 /ffull/p1t1098 -1 html 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 3 of 6 Results ofa Results of a Pediatrician Survey Pediatrician Survey Comment Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Results of a Pediatrician Survey Comment Demographics Of the 242 medical provider questionnaires distributed, 112 (46 were returned Of the 112 medical providers, 77 were pediatricians (54% response rate) Sixty -nine pediatricians (90 identified themselves as primary care providers, 5 (6 were subspeaalists, and 3 (4 did not indicate the type of service they provided The median time since graduation from medical school for pediatricians surveyed was 17 5 years (range, 1-44 years) Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Specific Pet Associated Health Hazards Almost all (96 pediatricians knew that Salmonella species could be transmitted by reptiles, while only 3% incorrectly believed that rabies and influenza could be transmitted by these animals Pediatricians cited the medical literature (74 residency training (58 medical school (46 newspapers or magazines (16 and television or radio (12 among their sources of information about reptile- associated human illnesses Only 20% of pediatricians reported knowing that infants may develop reptile- associated meningitis even without direct reptile contact Pediatricians who graduated before 1980 were more likely to know that reptiles can carry Salmonella species than those who graduated after 1980 (RR =1 13, CI =1 01 -1 25) Of the 77 pediatricians, 74 (96 identified cat feces as a source of toxoplasmosis, but only 32 (42 identified undercooked meat, and 26 (34 identified garden soil Six pediatricians (8 incorrectly indicated that dog saliva may also transmit toxoplasmosis Pediatricians cited their sources of information about toxoplasmosis as education acquired from the medical literature (73 during medical school (71 or residency training (58 from newspapers or magazines (12 and from television or radio (4 Ninety-nine percent of pediatricians indicated that infants are at risk for fatal bites from large dogs Major sources of education about animal bites included the medical literature (88 residency training (75 medical school (70 newspapers or magazines (18 and television or radio (17 Pediatrician Attitudes and Practices Regarding Patient Education in Pet Associated Health Hazards Only 5% of pediatricians reported that they regularly educated patients or their families about pet associated salmonellosis, 74% sometimes did, and 21% never did Only 5% educated families about toxoplasmosis prevention, 53% sometimes did, and 42% never did Finally, 17% of pediatricians regularly educated parents about pet related injuries, 68% sometimes did, and 14% never did Pediatricians who had graduated from medical school before 1980 were more likely to educate their patients about prevention of pet associated salmonellosis (RR =1 43, 95% CI =1 08 -1 89), toxoplasmosis (RR =1 92, 95% CI =0 82-4 50), and pet related injuries (RR =1 32, 95% CI =1 05 -1 67) than were those who graduated after 1980 In contrast to their practices, 86% of all pediatricians indicated that educating patients about pet associated health hazards is worthwhile in the outpatient setting Of the 12 pediatricians (14 who believed that educating patients about pet- http• /archpedi ama -assn org /issues /v152n10 /ffull /plt10g8 -1 html 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 4 of 6 Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Results of a Pediatrician Survey Comment associated hazards in the office was not worthwhile, 5 indicated that they did not have enough time to do it, 4 indicated that it would not be cost effective, and 3 did not give a reason for this belief All pediatricians surveyed indicated that office -based patient education would help prevent pet associated hazards Comment Our attempt to ascertain parental and pediatrician awareness of pet related hazards and the sources of this information revealed that parents, and to a much lesser extent pediatricians, lacked knowledge about the multiple modes of transmission of 2 important pet associated infectious diseases salmonellosis and toxoplasmosis In addition, more than half of the parents surveyed were unaware of the risks to young children associated with dogs Although the overwhelming majority of pediatricians believed that anticipatory guidance about pet related hazards was important, most pediatricians did not counsel their families about them Time constraints and competing health and prevention messages may make the time spent with the practitioner an impractical setting for delivering information about prevention of pet associated health problems 2 Relevant educational pamphlets, posters, or videotapes can be made available for families in pediatric office waiting rooms Magazines and newspapers can also disseminate the information The information could also be provided when families purchase pets commercially, or during visits to the veterinarian For pediatricians, the medical literature seems to be the most effective vehicle to disseminate information about these issues We gained valuable information about the levels of knowledge and the sources of information about pet related hazards among families and pediatricians in Tucson, but our study had several limitations We used a convenience sample of pediatric offices, had little control in the selection of parents who participated in the study, and we did not know what subpopulation was represented by the questionnaires that were not returned To encourage completion of the questionnaires, we limited the length of both questionnaires to a single side of paper The actual number of human illnesses and traumas that are pet related is probably underestimated io Health and safety information disseminated by pet store personnel, veterinarians, the media, and physicians may help families minimize health risks to children and maximize enjoyment and benefits from their pets Rodrigo G Villar, MD Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Memonal Children's Research Center University of Anzona 1501 N Campbell Ave PO Box 245073 Tucson, AZ 85724 -5073 http /archpedi ama -assn org /issues /v152n10 /ffull/p1t1098 -1 html 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatncian Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 5 cif 6 Participants and Methods Results of the Parent Survey Leslie L Barton, MD Francis J Meaney, PhD Mehnda F Davis, MA MEd Tuscon Results of a Pediatrician Survey Comment Megan Connick, MD St Lows, Mo 1 Septell J Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behavior J R Soc Med 1991,84 717 -720 MEDLINE 2 Tan JS Human zoonotic infections transmitted by dogs and cats Arch Intern Med 1997,157 1933 -1943 MEDLINE 3 Stehr -Green JK, Schantz PM The impact of zoonotic diseases transmitted by pets on human health and the economy Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1987,17 1 -15 MEDLINE 4 Fang G, Araujo V, Guerrant R Enteric infections associated with exposure to animals or animal products Infect as Clin North Am 1991,3 681 -701 5 Lauer EA, White WC, Lauer BA Dog bites a neglected problem in accident prevention AJDC 1982,136 202 -204 MEDLINE 6 Mermin J, Hoar B, Angulo FJ Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile- associated salmonellosis in the United States Pediatrics 1997,99 399 -402 MEDLINE 7 Sacks JJ, Lockwood R, Hornreich J, Sattin RW Fatal dog attacks, 1989 -1994 Pediatrics 1997,6 891 -895 8 Roberts T, Frenkel JK Estimating income losses and other preventable costs caused by congenital toxoplasmosis in people in the United States JAMA 1990,196 249 -256 9 Cohen LR, Runyan CW, Downs SM, Bowling JM Pediatric injury counseling priorities Pediatncs 1997,99 704 -710 MEDLINE 10 Beck AN, Jones BA Unreported dog bites in children Public alth Rep 1985,100 315 -321 MEDLINE We thank Edith Bailey, MD, Mary Cochran, MD, Jeryl Dansky, MD, John Dyer, MD, Steven Goldberg, MD, James La Belle, MD, Mane (Mimi) Peterson, MD, Patrick Pnce, MD, Eve Shapiro, MD, Carol Swanson, MD, and Ricky Mlbams, MD, MPH, for allowing us to conduct the survey in their offices We also thank Allan Friedman, MD, MPH, for critical review of the questionnaires, Linda Han, MD, and Frederick Angulo, DVM, for review of the manuscript, and Amy O'Bnen and Manna Valdes for excellent technical support http /archpedi ama -assn orghssues /v152n10 /ffulUplt1098 -1 html 05/07/2002 Parent and Pediatrician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Piactices Regarding Pet Associated Hazards Page 6 of 6 C 1998 amenican Medical Association All rights ieserved I! AYA 1 Iwo turn SNORT CUT 'Choose a Journal http /archpedi ama -assn org /issues /v152n10 /ffull/p1t1098 -1 html 05/07/2002 DBMD Leptospuosis General Information Page 1 of 3 rR rr,Pir ri Leptospirosis CDC Home Search fewer inform 7achniCa! 7hfs rm tt 5 Aidrti,nil tnfrrmarinrl Frequently Asked Questions W, hat is lcpmspirusts') 110 tv do people gel lepto;pirosts• I low, long is it be:'■Ceh tune of expos :ie anti v, hen people become yd. Where is Icrltosp•lusis hound" 1len1/2 15 lepumommts treated' C �,n 11/4ptosp!!0- he prevented" What is leptospiosis? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospn n In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all Symptoms of leptospnosis include high fever. severe headache. chills_ muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) red eyes abdominal pain diairhea, or a rash If the disease is not treated, the patient could develop kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failiue and respiratory distress In rare cases death occurs Many, of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases Leptospirosis is confirmed by laboratory testing of a blood or urine sample Health Topics AsZ *To p Hoss do people get leptospirosis? Outbieaks of leptospnosis are usually caused by exposure to water contaminated with the urine of infected animals Many different kinds of animals carry the bacterium, they may become sick but sometimes have no symptoms Leptospira organisms have been found in cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, rodents_ and wild animals Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals This may happen by swallowing contaminated food of water or through skin contact, especially with mucosa] surfaces such as the eyes or nose. or with broken skin The disease is not known to be spread from person to person http /www cdc go./ ncidod/ dbmd /diseaseinfo /leptospirosis_g htm 04/24/2002 DBNlD Leptospirosis General Infoimauon Page 2 of '3 •Top How long is it hetw ecn the time of exposure and v +hen people become sick? The time between a person's exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick is 2 day s to 4 w eeks Illness usually begins abrupt]} with fever and other sy mptoms Leptospirosis may, occur in two phases, aftei the first phase. with fevei, chills, headache, muscle aches vomiting, or diarrhea, the patient may recover for a time but become ill again If a second phase occurs, it is more sev ere, the person may have kidney or liver failure of meningitis This phase is also called Weil's disease The illness lasts from a few days to 3 weeks or longer Without treatment, recovery may take several months .Top Where is leptospirosis found? Leptospuosis occurs worldwide but is most common in temperate or tropical climates It is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with anneals foi example farmers sewer workers, veterinarians fish workers, dairy farmers, or military personnel It is a recreational hazard for campers or those who participate in outdooi sports in contaminated areas and has been associated with swimming, evading, and w hitewater rafting in contaminated lakes and rivers The incidence is also incieasing among urban children •Top Ilo■ is leptospirosis treated" Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics such as doxycyclme or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease Intravenous antibiotics may be requited for persons with mote severe symptoms Peisons with symptoms suggestive of leptospirosis should contact a health care provider ♦Top Can leptospirosis be prevented" The risk of acqun mg leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil because of then job or remeational actrv'ties •Top http /www cdc gov /ncidod/ dbmd /diseaseinfo /leptospirosisg htm 04/24/2002 Division of Parasitic Diseases Toxocariasis Fact Sheet Home 1 Professional Info Public Info 1 About DPD I 1 Announcements [Recent Publications I DPD Search on of Parasltic Diseases c J;sease Information Alphabetical Listing l Travel ©act Sheet 1 Toxocariasis (TOX- o -kah- RYE- us -sis) Roundworm Infection (Zoonotic) What is toxocariasis? Toxocariasis is a zoonotic (animal to human) infection caused by the parasitic roundworms commonly found in the intestine of dogs (Toxocara cams) and cats (T. cab). In the United States, an estimated 10,000 cases of Toxocara infections occur yearly in humans. What are symptoms of toxocariasis? There are two major forms of toxocanasis: 1) Ocular larva migrans (OLM): Toxocara infections can cause OLM, an eye disease that can cause blindness OLM occurs when a microscopic worm enters the eye, it may cause inflammation and formation of a scar on the retina. Each year more than 700 people infected with Toxocara experience permanent partial loss of vision. 2) Visceral larva migrans (VLM): Heavier, or repeated Toxocara infections, while rare, can cause VLM, a disease that causes swelling of the body's organs or central nervous system Symptoms of VLM, which are caused by the movement of the worms through the body, include fever, coughing, asthma, or pneumonia How serious is infection with Toxocara? In most cases, Toxocara infections are not serious, and many people, especially adults infected by a small number of larvae (immature worms), may not notice any symptoms. The most severe cases are rare, but are more likely to occur in young children, who often play in dirt, or eat dirt (pica) contaminated http• /www cdc gov/rwidod/dpd/parasites/toxocara/factsfit_toxocara'htm Health Topics A -Z \Di ack Page 1 of 3 04/24/2002 Division of Parasitic Diseases Foxocariasis Fact Sheet Page 2 of 3 by dog or cat stool. How is toxocariasis spread? The most common Toxocara parasite of concern to humans is T. cans, which puppies usually contract from the mother before birth or from her milk The larvae mature rapidly in the puppy's intestines, when the pup is 3 or 4 weeks old, they begin to produce large numbers of eggs that contaminate the environment through the animal's stool The eggs soon develop into infective larvae How can I get toxocariasis? You or your children can become infected after accidentally ingesting (swallowing) infective Toxocara eggs from larvae in soil or other contaminated surfaces. What should I do if I think I have toxocariasis? See your health care provider to discuss the possibility of infection and, if necessary, to be examined. A blood test is available for diagnosis. What is the treatment for toxocariasis? VLM is treated with antiparasitic drugs, usually in combination with anti inflammatory medications Treatment of OLM is more difficult and usually consists of measures to prevent progressive damage to the eye Who is at risk for toxocariasis? Young children; owners of dogs and cats. How can you prevent toxocariasis? Have your veterinarian treat your dogs and cats, especially young animals, regularly for worms. Wash your hands well with soap and water after playing with your pets and after outdoor activities, especially before you eat. Teach children to always wash their hands after playing with dogs and cats and after playing outdoors. Do not allow children to play in areas that are soiled with pet or other animal stool. Clean your pet's living area at least once a week. Feces should be either buried or bagged and disposed of in the trash. Teach children that it is dangerous to eat dirt or soil. For more information: 1' http: /www cdc gov/ ncidod /dpd/parasites /toxocara/factsht toxocara htm 04/24/2002 [he ABC's of Safe and Healthy Child Care Page 1 of 1 I CDC Home I Search Health Topics A -Z "Div on of flea ca Quality Protnotfon (DHQP) Issues in Child Care$ 1 Introduction Policies Practices Facilities Fact Sheets Resources Bibliography Index Order Info DHQP Home Fact Sheets on Childhood Diseases and Conditions What You Should Know About.. Ringworm in the Child Care Setting Ringworm is a fungus infection of the scalp or skin Symptoms include a rash that is often itchy and flaky Ringworm on the scalp may leave a flaky patch of baldness On other areas of the skin, ringworm causes a reddish, nnglike rash that may itch or burn The area may be dry and scaly or it may be moist or crusted The same fungi that infect humans can also infect animals such as dogs and cats. and infections may be acquired from pets as well as from infected children Ringworm is spread by direct contact with a person or animal infected with the fungus It can also be spread indirectly through contact with articles (such as combs or clothing) or surfaces which have been contaminated with the fungus A child with ringworm is infectious as long as the fungus remains present in the skin lesion The fungus is no longer present when the lesion starts to shrink If you suspect that a child in your facility has ringworm. Notify the parents and ask them to contact the child's physician for diagnosis If the lesion cannot be covered, exclude a child with ringworm until after treatment has begun and the lesion has started to shrink Observe good handwashrng technique among all children and adults. Prohibit sharing of personal items, such as hair care articles, towels, and clothing s Dry skin thoroughly after washing Wash bathroom surfaces and toys daily Vacuum carpeted areas and upholstered firrmture Pets with skm rashes should be evaluated by a veterinarian for evaluation If the pet's rash is caused by fungus, children should not be allowed to come in contact with the pet until the rash has been treated and heals and the pet has been bathed. January 1997 January 1997 http /www cdc .gov /ncidod/hip /abc /facts32.htm 04/24/2002 DBMD Brucellosis General Information Search 1 Heatth Topics A -Z Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis, abortus, suis, and canis) For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related issues, please visit http: /www.bt.cdc.gov. General Information t1`echrlicatTnforri5ation' Additionaltti ration` Frequently Asked Questions What is brucellosis? HoN common is brucellosis" Where is brucellosis usualh found" 1 Iow is brucellosis transmitted to humans, and w ho rs likely to become infected" Can brucellosis be spiead from person and person° Is there a vvav to prevent infection" My dog has been diagnosed vv lth brucellosis Is that a nsk for me? How is brucellosis diagnosed' Is there a treatment foi brucellosis? I am a veterinarian and I recently accidcntall) tabbed myself cvi h the annual vacme (RB-5 1 oi B -19, oi REV -1) while I was vaccinating cows (oi sheep, goats) What do I need to do° What is brucellosis? Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria of the genus Brucella. These bacteria are primanly passed among animals, and they cause disease m many different vertebrates Various Brucella species affect sheep, goats, cattle, deer, elk, pigs, dogs, and several other animals Humans become fected by.,, homing in contact with animals or anneal products that are contaminated with theig,tiOtegaiinumans brucellosis can cause a range of symptoms that are similar to the flu and may include fever, sweats, headaches, back pains, and physical weakness Sever infections of the central nervous systems or lining of the heart may occur Brucellosis cab also cause long lasting or chrome symptoms that include recurrent fevers, joint pain, and fatigue STop Page 1 of 4 http• /www cdc gov/ ncidod /dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g htm 04/24/2002 DBMD Brucellosis General Information Page 2 of 4 How common is brucellosis? Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, where100 to-200 cases occur each year But brucellosis can be very common in countries where animal disease control programs have not reduced the amount of disease among animals Where is brucellosis usually found? Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have good standardized and effective public health and domestic animal health programs Areas currently fisted as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey. North Africa). South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East Unpasteurized cheeses, sometimes called "village cheeses," from these areas may represent a particular risk for tounsts How is brucellosis transmitted to humans, and who is likely to become infected? STop Humans are generally infected in one of three ways eating or drinking something that is contaminated with Brucella, breathing in the organism (inhalation), or having the bacteria enter the body through skin wounds The most common way to be infected is by eating or drinking contaminated milk products When sheep, goats, cows, or camels are infected, their milk is contaminated with the bactena. If the milk is not pasteunzed, these bactena can be transmitted to persons who drink the milk or eat cheeses made it Inhalation of Brucella orgamsms is not a common route of infection, but it can be a significant hazard for people in certam occupations, such as those working in laboratones where the organism is cultured Inhalation is often responsible for a significant percentage of cases in abattoir employees Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for persons working in slaughterhouses or meat packing plants or for vetennanans Hunters may be infected through skin wounds or by accidentally ingesting the bactena after cleaning deer, elk, moose, or wild pigs that they have killed Can brucellosis be spread from person to person? STop Direct person -to- person spread of brucellosis is extremely rare Mothers who are breast feeding may transmit the infection to their infants Sexual transmission has also been reported For both sexual and breast feeding transmission, if the infant or person at risk is treated for brucellosis, their risk of becoming infected will probably be eliminated within 3 days Although uncommon, transmission may also occur via contaminated tissue transplantation Is there a way to prevent infection? Yes Do not consume unpasteurized milk, cheese, or ice cream while traveling If http /www cdc gov/ ncidod /dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosfs_g htm 04/24/2002 DBtvlU tilucellosis benetal lntormation Page 3 of 4 you are not sure that the dairy product is pasteurized, don't eat it Hunters and animal herdsman should use rubber gloves when handling viscera of animals There is no vaccine available for humans My dog has been diagnosed vs ith brucellosis. Is that a risk for me? B cants is the species of Brucella species that can infect dogs This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans, but the vast majority of dog infections do not result in human illness Although veterinarians exposed to blood of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, semen, or placenta of the dog The bacteria may be cleared from the animal within a few days of treatment, however re- infection is common and some animal body fluids may be infectious for weeks Immunocompromised persons (cancer patients, HIV infected individuals, or transplantation patients) should not handle dogs known to be infected with B cants How is brucellosis diagnosed? Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory by finding Brucella organisms in samples of blood or bone marrow Also, blood tests can be done to detect antibodies against the bactena If this method is used, two blood samples should be collected 2 weeks apart Is there a treatment for brucellosis? Slop STop Yes, but treatment can be difficult Doctors can prescnbe effective antibiotics Usually, doxycycline and rifampin are used in combination for 6 weeks to prevent reoccurmg infection Depending on the timing of treatment and seventy of illness, recovery may take a few weeks to several months Mortality is low (<2 and is usually associated with endocarditis JTop I am a veterinarian, and I recently accidentally jabbed myself with the animal vaccine (RB -51 or B -19, or REV -1) while I was vaccinating cows (or sheep, goats). What do I need to do? These are live vaccines, and B -19 is known to cause disease in humans Although we know less about the other vaccines, the recommendations are the same You should see a health care provider A baseline blood sample should be collected for testing for antibodies We recommend that you take antibiotics (doxycycline and rifampin for B -19 and REV -1, or doxycychne alone for RB -51) for 3 weeks At the end of that time you should be rechecked and a second blood sample should be collected. (The sample can also be collected at 2 weeks) The same recommendations hold true for spraying vaccme in the eyes (6 weeks of treatment http• /www cdc gov/ ncidod/ dbmd /diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g.htm 04/24/2002 DBMD Brucellosis Ueneral Intormation Page 4 of 4 in this case) or spraying onto open wounds on the skin. Disease Listing 1 General Information 1 Technical Information 1 Additional Information S Accessibility 1 Privacy Policy Notice 1 FOIA CDC Horne 1 Search 1 Health Topics A -Z This page last reviewed June 20, 2001 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases STop http:J /www cdc gov/ ncidod /dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g htm 04/24/2002 uttiviu Lryptococcosis t ecnnlcal inioimaoon CDC Home 'Search Health Topics A -7 Clinical Features Etiologic Agent Reservoir Incidence Sequelae Transmission Risk Groups Surveillance Challenges Cryptococcosis Technical Information Imtial pulmonary infection is usually asymptomatic Most patients present with disseminated infection, especially meningoencephalitis In the United States, 85% of cases occur in HIV infected persons Cryptococcus neoformans C neoformans var neoformans has been isolated from the soil worldwide, usually in association with bird droppmgs. Less common etiologic agent, C neoformans var gattu has been isolated from eucalyptus trees in tropical and sub- tropical regions 0 2 -0 9 cases per 100,000 in the general population Among persons with AIDS, the annual incidence is 2 -4 cases per 1,000. Meningitis may lead to permanent neurologic damage. Mortality rate is about 12% Inhalation of airborne yeast cells and/or basidiospores. Immunocomprorrused persons, especially those with HIV infection Active, population -based surveillance in selected U S sites. No national surveillance exists Developing a cost effective prevention strategy (although fluconazole is effective chemoprophylaxis for persons with AIDS, it does not affect survival and is not considered cost effective) December 2000 Disease Listing 1 General Information 1 Technical Information 1 Additional Information http: /www.cdc.gov /ncidod/ dbmd /drseaseinfo /eryptococcosis_t him 04/24/2002 Ya 1 0 1 eMedicine Journal, August 17 2001, Volume 2, Number 8 INTRODUCTION Background: Since many animal bites are never reported, it is difficult to determine the exact incidence of animal bite wounds in the US, let alone the world An estimated 57 million cats and 54 million dogs lived in the US in 1991, but substantially more dog bites than cat bites occurred These two types of bite wounds account for most animal bite wounds encountered in the ED Pathophysiology: Dog bites typically cause a crushing -type wound because of their rounded teeth and strong jaws An adult dog can exert 200 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure, with some large dogs able to exert 450 psi Such extreme pressure may damage deeper structures such as bones, vessels, tendons, muscle, and nerves Cats' very sharp, pointed teeth usually cause puncture wounds and lacerations that may inoculate bacteria into deep tissues Limited literature is available on other animal bites Monkey bites have a notorious reputation based largely on anecdotal reports Bites from large herbivores generally have a significant crush element because of the force involved Bites of the hand generally have a high risk for infection because of the relatively poor blood supply of many structures in the hand and anatomic considerations that make adequate cleansing of the wound difficult In general, the better the vascular supply and the easier the wound is to clean (ie, laceration vs puncture), the lower the risk of infection A major concern in all bite wounds is subsequent infection Infections can be caused by nearly any group of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi) Common bacteria involved in bite wound infections include the following Dog bites Staphylococcus Streptococcus Eikenella Pasteurella Proteus Klebsrella Haemophllus Enterobacter DF -2 or Capnocytophaga canrmorsus Bacterordes Cat bites Pasteurella Achnomyces Propronrbactenum Bacterordes Fusobactenum Clostndmm Wohnella Peptostreptococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus Nearly all infections are mixed infections Additionally, ED physicians always should consider the need for tetanus and rabies prophylaxis Frequency: In the US: Of an estimated 1 -3 million animal bites per year in the US, approximately 80 -90% are from dogs, 5 -15% from cats, and 2 -5% from rodents, with the balance from other small animals (eg, rabbits, ferrets), farm animals, monkeys, reptiles, and others Some estimate that 1% of emergency visits are for dog bite wounds Approximately 1% of dog bite wounds and 6% of cat bite wounds require hospitalization Internationally: It is difficult to get accurate numbers Examples of animals inflicting bites can be quite exotic, such as large cats (tigers, lions, leopards), wild dogs, hyenas, wolves (Eurasia), crocodiles, and other reptiles Most bites, however, are from domestic dogs In developing countnes, dog bites carry a high risk of rabies infection Mortality /Morbidity: Dog attacks kill approximately 10 -20 people each year in the US Most of these fatalities, unfortunately, are young children Rabies, of course, is a generally fatal complication While local infection and cellulitis are the leading causes of morbidity, sepsis is a potential complication of bite wounds, particularly C canrmorsus (DF -2) sepsis in immunocompromised individuals Pasteurella multocrda infection (the most common pathogen contracted from cat bites) also may be complicated by sepsis Meningitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis are additional concerns in bite wounds Sex: Women are more frequently bitten by cats, while men are more often bitten by dogs (despite being man's best friend) http /www primate wisc edu/ 'Viral Hepatitis The virus of human infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) can infect the chimpanzee, patas, wooley monkey (Lagothrix spp gorilla, cebus, aotus, and some tamarins Infection in the primate is usually inapparent; however, the animal can carry the virus and be infective to man Several outbreaks have been reported in primate handlers in research facilities The disease in primate handlers appears to be related to handling recently shipped animals, the virus is probably spread shortly after exposure, antibodies develop, and the animals then become immune to reinfection Because chimpanzees have not been imported as pets for many years, the few pet chimpanzees encountered probably present no danger of hepatitis However, the chimpanzee is susceptible to disease from infected persons Vaccines are being developed, but they are not recommended for routine primate vaccination Herpes -H F act Sheet Page 1 of 2 Fact Sheet: Cercopithecine Herpesvirus -1 (B- Virus) Infection Adapted from NIH Office of Animal Care and Use, NIH intramural research program, 1999 Q. What is B- Virus? A Cercopithecine Herpesvirus -1, also known as B -Virus is a member of the herpes group of viruses that occurs naturally in Macaque monkeys and possible in other Old World monkeys Infection with B -Virus produces very mild disease in the monkey Most have no obvious evidence of infection Some monkeys may have vesicles (small blisters) which progress to ulcers in the mouth, on the face, lips, or genitals and /or eye These lesions spontaneously heal after a few days, but the virus resides permanently in the monkey, and may reactivate and cause ulcerative lesions periodically These relapses are especially likely to occur when the monkey is "stressed" (like cold sores or fever blisters in humans) During these periods, the virus is shed by the monkey to the environment However, the virus may also be shed by monkeys without visible lesions or symptoms Q How does transmission of the B -Virus from monkeys to humans occur? A Transmission to humans occurs by exposure to contaminated monkey saliva, secretions, or tissues The most likely routes of transmission are bites and scratches or splashes There has been a report of person to person transmission Q. Who is at risk for Infection with B- Virus? A Those at risk include animal caretakers, laboratory personnel, or anyone who is exposed to monkeys or monkey tissues Persons who are immune- suppressed because of medication or underlying medical conditions may be at higher risk for infection The risk of acquiring B -Virus infections from macaques is probably very low Thousands of persons have handled macaques since human infection with B -Virus infection was first reported over 50 years ago, yet only about 22 cases of human infection have been described Q. Can there be serious complications from B -Virus infection? A Of the 22 reported cases, 20 infected individuals developed encephalitis and 15 of these patients died as a result their infection Q. How can I protect myself from infection? A Proper work practices markedly reduce the chances of infection When working with nonhuman primates 1 Exercise caution at all times, remembenng these are wild animals They can and will bite and are capable of transmitting to humans several diseases as well as 13-Virus 2 Wear appropnate, protective clothing 3 Work together with at least one other person when handling nonhuman primates Minimize direct handling 4 Report any observed facial, lip or oral lesions in the nonhuman primates to a veterinarian 5 For bite or scratch injuries involving a macaque monkey, or scratches with cages or equipment that might be contaminated with their secretions, begin first aid immediately Refer to the Standard Operating Procedures for Case Management of Employees Potentially Exposed to Herpes Virus Simiae (B Virus) Q. What are the signs and symptoms of B -Virus infection in humans? A B -Virus related disease is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms which generally occur within one month of exposure These include 1 vesicular (small blister) skin lesions at or near the site of injury http: dcmmfo. wustl .edu /occhealth/factsheet_herpesb html 04/25/2002 I LLg by Lei, ,■1arL11 14, _VU I 1..111L111111.1111 m I)H Minnesota Derartrnent o Health r March 14, 2001 Vol 2 No 6 Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Bug Bytes Topics in this Issue: 1. Neisseria meningltrdrs 2. Second Measles Case Seen 3. Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk 4. Foot and Mouth Disease Page 1 of 1. Neisseria meningitides Three cases of invasive meningococcal disease have been reported in the last 2 weeks The first, a 4 -year old male, was initially reported as a suspect case when he was admitted to the hospital with purpura fulminans. His blood culture grew out Neissena menrngrtrdrs later, but prompt notification made it possible to quickly determine which contacts should be treated with prophylactic antibiotics In addition to his immediate family and other close contacts a local health department and we determined that approximately 40 preschool classroom and church school classroom contacts should be given prophylaxis. The second case was a 49- year -old male with abrupt onset of illness. He became hypotensive, developed a petechial rash, had multisystem organ failure, and died within 24 hours of his initial 'symptoms. The family was started on antibiotics at the time of admission as a precautionary measure. The physician, promptly notified us when gram negative diplococci were identified in the blood culture. A family member was interviewed about other possible contacts who might need prophylaxis. Neisseria menrngrtrdrs was subsequently isolated from blood culture. The third case was a 20- year -old female admitted to a hospital with meningococcemia. Prophylaxis was recommended to approximately 20 attendees of a party, attended by the case patient, who may have shared oral secretions with her Neisseria menrngrtrdis was subsequently Isolated from blood culture. Isolates from all cases were sent to us for serogrouping; the first two were serogroup Y and the third is pending. There is no known connection between the first two cases and the isolates have different pulsed -field gel electrophoresis patterns. Approximately 40 sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease are reported in Minnesota R ,rannually. In 1999, 56 cases were reported, followed by 22 cases in 2000, and only 4 cases http: /www health. state. mn. us /divs/dpc /ades/bugbytes/0106bb htm 04/11/2002 Bug Bytes. March 14, 2001 (including the 3 described here) have been reported so far in 2001 It is unknown why there has been a drop in cases It is important that MDH be notified promptly of suspect cases of meningococcal disease In some instances it may not be possible to have culture confirmation but chemoprophylaxis of contacts may be recommended based on the case's clinical picture and related circumstances. The American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book recommends that high risk contacts begin chemoprophylaxis within 24 hours of diagnosis of the primary case 2. Second Measles Case Seen In the last issue of Bug Bytes we discussed an imported case of measles m an infant adopted from China We now have another measles case with no association to the first case On February 28, a clinic reported a suspect measles case in a 31 -year old Hennepin County resident He had symptoms of cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis beginning on February 25, and rash on February 26 Blood drawn on February 28 and was negative for IgG and IgM measles antibody (indicating his susceptibility to measles and an insufficient time for IgM antibody to develop). Although CDC recommends obtaining serology on the first day of rash, our experience indicates that waiting until day 3 (72 hours) is optimal to avoid false negative results. A second blood was drawn on March 5 and was positive IgM antibody. The patient traveled extensively for business to California and Texas, but we are unable to determine a specific exposure for him. Measles cases have been seen in 11 states in the last month He believes he had received one dose of vaccine as a child. On a related note, we have seen no secondary spread from the first infant case, but cases are still possible at this point in time -Very few human FMD infections have ever been documented despite regular exposure throughout the world. It has been found in those with direct contact to infected animals. Those http• /www health state.mn us/divs/dpc /ades/bugbytes /OIO6bb htm 04/11/2007_ 3. Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk A common telephone call received lately involves whether or not venison or elk is safe to eat, the caller having heard about "mad cow disease in deer." In a previous (Dec 1, 2000) Buq Bytes we discussed mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt -Jakob disease Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is another type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of deer and elk First seen in 1967, among free ranging wildlife, it is confined to mule deer, white tailed deer, and Rocky Mountain elk in northeastern Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, and very recently in Nebraska. It has also been seen sporadically in farmed elk herds in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Fewer than 200 animals have been diagnosed with CWD with an estimated prevalence of <5% in wild deer and <1% in wild elk in the affected area. It has never been found in Minnesota. Like other TSEs it is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease. Its origin and mode of transmission is unknown. CWD is not known to cross over to other species and humans are not thought to be at risk. As a precautionary measure, Colorado health officials advise hunters to not eat obviously ill animals; wear gloves when gutting a carcass; and to not eat brain, spinal cord, eye, or lymph nodes where the transmissible agent is thought to be present 4. Foot and Mouth Disease Another common telephone call received lately is about the foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic being seen in the U.K. and several European countries FMD is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven hooved animals, especially cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The disease causes fever and blisters in the mquth and on the feet of animals. It may lead to lameness, drop in milk production, and weight loss in infected animals, with severe economic consequences for the farmer. Page 2 of 3 Bug Bytes. March 14, 2uu I Fave 3 of few have had a self limiting mild influenza -like illness (headache, malaise, fever) They also may exhibit symptoms similar to animals with vesicles appearing on the fingers and hands, feet, and in the mouth, especially the tongue and palate It is not transmitted person -to- person or through food to humans It should not be confused with hand, foot, and mouth disease in humans (a mild viral Illness caused by a different enterovirus) With this information in mind, we've been advising people not to cancel their travel plans to Europe, but to use caution so as not to bring the virus back to Minnesota farms The Board of Animal Health recommends avoiding visiting farms and zoos in Europe, and to wash clothes and shoes, and to not visit farms for 7 days after returning to Minnesota Information about the foot and mouth outbreak is at http'/ /www maff goy uk /animalh /diseases /fmd /default htm Bug Bytes is a combined effort of the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Division Acute Disease Epidemiology Section and the Clinical Laboratory Section of MDH. We provide Bug Bytes as a way to say THANK YOU to the infection control professionals, laboratorians, local public health professionals, and health care providers who assist us. For correspondence about Bug Bytes, including email distribution requests, email Ion tnden @health state mn us For concerns regarding editorial content, email r health.state mn.us Past Bug Bytes Issues are archived on the MDH Web Page• http /www health state mn.us Go to >Top of page Go to ADIC Publications Home Go to Acute Disease Investigation and Control Section Home This page was reviewed for web accessibility on 05/29/01 and conforms to the current MDH Web Accessibility Standards For questions about this page, please contact our Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division tan wiehieOhealth state mn us See also Infectious Disease Epidemiology Prevention and Control Home health by topic l health statistics] forms and applications) programs by name' library sernces I MDH information and resources] Minnesota Department of Health P 0 Box 64975 St Paul, MN, 551640975 651-215-5800 Directions to The Minnesota Department of Health Disclaimer of liabi l Disclaimer of endorsement Need help finding Information? We welcome your comments and suggestions about this site Feedback Page webmaster Updated Tuesday, 24-Jul-01 11.36 15 http: /www health state.mn us /divs /dpc /ades/bugbytes/0tO6bb htm 04/11/2002 oman in Honda thought to have disease (inked to mad cow Page I of nev,s rreet,me t aver hornezone cars shopping woika"enue- communites metro region nation world politics ous,iess sports vanet, open on fan games lark 4 Health a DiutCro“ ewesneid of Mtanesota Teeth Qua Diet and Diabetes Strep Throat Pipe Smoking Child 1 e rgencies what's new? health minute deskexercise health tip today in health history harvard q &a index your health mpls st paul health disease index talk about your health contact us f Click what ails you. Woman in Florida thought to have disease linked to mad cow David Royse Associated Press PLN. sJ P o" 23C2 TALLAHASSEE, Fla A 22- year -old British woman living in Florida is believed to have a brain illness linked to mad cow disease, the first known case in the United States, health officials said Thursday The woman is believed to have caught the fatal disease by eating beef in Bntain at the height of that country's cattle epidemic in the late 1980s or early 1990s, said Dr Steve Ostroff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "There's every reason to suspect that she acquired her illness there," he said Officials with the Florida Department of Health emphasized that there is no reason to suspect cattle in the United States have the cow version, known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE "All evidence indicates her illness poses no threat to anyone else or the agriculture industry," said state Health Department spokesman Bill Parizek Ostroff agreed there was no risk to Americans from the case of "new variant Creutzfeldt -Jakob disease" announced Thursday Mad cow disease is a brain destroying illness that first surfaced in Bntish cattle but now has spread to cattle in much of Europe A human form, referred to as vCJD, apparently spread by eating infected beef, has claimed more than 90 lives in Britain and parts of Europe "Although experience with the disease is pretty limited, there is no evidence to suggest that cases are transmitted from person to person," Ostroff said Mad cow disease, known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows, has never been found in U S cattle Nor had the new vCJD ever been diagnosed in anyone living here although Americans can get a similar disease, regular CJD Related c e Email this g Print this s Search 1 INews Find IV More search op http•// www. startribune .com/stories /1556/2242442.html 04/19/2002 Woman in Florida thought to have disease linked to mad cow The woman was born and raised in Britain and lied there at the height of that country's BSE epidemic She was diagnosed in Britain recently, but is 1i mo in Honda with her family now, the CDC said Health officials wouldn't eire her whereabouts or her condition British health officials informed their U S counterparts of her illness Thursday Return to top Copyright 2002 Star Tribune All rights reserved Pase'ot_ http• /wwnw startribune com/stories/1556/224244/ html 04/19/2002 Minnesota HIV rates lump, officials say Page 1 of 3 news f•eet,rre rave' rcmecone cais sh000ing workavenue communities metro; region nation world po os bus ess sports variety opinion fun games talk t n /IeaIth Teeth Quiz Diet and Diabetes Strep Throat Pipe Smoking Child Emergencies what's new? health minute deskexercise health tip today in health history harvard q &a index your health mpls st paul health disease index talk about your health contact us Minnesota HIV rates jump, officials say By Josephine Star Tribune Staff Writer Pub isncd Apr c 2 In two alarming turns. new HIV infections among white men in Minnesota jumped 40 percent last year, and it is now apparent that the snKw epidemic in Africa has followed immigrants to the Twin Cities of Minnesota After declining for five years, the number of reported infections in white men rose from 93 to 130 in 2001, according to data published Monday by the Minnesota Health Department Experts cautioned that the increase, almost exclusively among gay and bisexual men, could be a one -year phenomenon New data on African-born immigrants in Minnesota paint an alarming picture for Somali and other communities African -born immigrants make up less than 1 percent of the state's population but account for 16 percent of the new HIV infections reported in 2001 The number of infections among African-born immigrants rose from 28 in 1999 to 45 last yeas a 61 percent increase, the department reported Women were infected in higher numbers than men Until this year, the Health Department had lumped data on African immigrants with all blacks Officials said that practice exaggerated the infection rates in the black community "We realized that some of the rise in black persons is really among African immigrants," said Dr. Gary Remafedi, director of the Youth and AIDS Project at the University of Minnesota AIDS is the leading cause of death in sub Saharan Africa, where more than 8 percent of adults have HIV, according to the World Health Organization The Minnesota data show that the forces driving the Africanepidemic are present here, said Tracy Sides, an AIDS epidemiologist at the Health Department As in Africa, most immigrants here report that they became infected by their heterosexual partner, Sides said The virus that immigrants carry is a different strain than the one commonly found in U S AIDS patients, said Dr Keith Henry, an AIDS Related c m More Hea' Science n e Email this Print this s Search (News More search opts Find ti http- /www startnbune corn/stories/1556/2233465 html 04/16/2002 Minnesota Hl\ rates jump, officials say researcher at Hennepin County Medical Center That presents problems because the commonly used blood tests do not accurately measure the strain Henry and other health officials said the stigma of AIDS is profound and pervasive in African- immigrant communities "I had one young man who would not look me in the eye." he said of an African immigrant patient Henry said that in the patient's native country doctors would have informed the man's family, and he would have been shunned In the Somali community. AIDS is never discussed said Saeed Fahia, executive director of the Confederation of Somali Communities in Minnesota He said he is worried about the Health Department data, adding that more outreach and education programs must be developed for immigrants Fahia warned that designing such programs would be difficult No one would come to a meeting billed as an AIDS or safe -sex discussion, he said Minneapolis is one of six U S urban centers for HIV positive Afncan refugees who have been granted asylum for other reasons Those HIV cases 49 since 2000 are not counted in the new Health Department data, Sides said Yet Henry said he has had many immigrant patients who are not refugees and who were infected in their native countnes Somehow, he said, they got through the U S Immigration and Naturalization Service's screening process The number of such HIV positive immigrants is not known Although still small, the African-immigrant population in Minnesota has been steadily increasing since the mid -1990s Estimates of Somalis range from 3,000 to 50,000 Among white men, outreach and other programs had contributed to the steady decline in new HIV cases But if last year's increase in cases continues, it could mean fears that young adults have a cavalier attitude about AIDS are true, experts said Or it could mean that because people are living longer with AIDS, they are exposing more people to the virus, they said "It's always upsetting to see [infection] in any group going in the wrong direction," Henry said "But all this does is raise some questions PaLie or http /www startribune com/stones /1556/2233465 html 04/16/2002 Minnesota tiiv Jump, uiuuats say Paee of 2 Some research has shown that people now in their 20s who did not experience the onset of the epidemic in the 1980s aie less concerned about practicing safe sex, experts said New treatments that have extended the lives of many AIDS patients may provide false reassurances to others that they don't have to be careful, experts said It will take at least another year or two of data before health officials know whether this marks the beginning of a trend. "because one year does not a trend make said the university's Remafedi Josephine Marcotty is at tnarconKtistartribune.conz. Return to top IP Copyright 2002 Star Tnbune All rights reserved http /www.startnbune.com/stories /1556/2233465 html 04/16/2002 Man Diagnosed Vs ith Human Rabies Page 1 of Fermat I ter Print M_ y Accounts My Alerts My Help ASSOCIATED PRESS Simple Search Power Search Business Search Investext Search ASSOCIATED PRESS Title Summary CHICO, Calif (AP) A 28- year -old man is on life support suffering from an extremely rare cas of human rabies, health officials said Saturday Source Date Price Document Size Document ID Subject(s) Document Type Man Diagnosed With Human Rabies AP Online 03/30/2002 19 06 Free Very Short (0194 words) EC20020330900000019 Science, Health, Medical Articles General info Man Diagnosed With Human Rabies Search News Special EditionsTM Story Filed: Saturday, March 30, 2002 7 06 PM EST CHICO, Calif. (AP) A 28- year -old man is on life support suffering from an extremely rare case of human rabies, health officials said Saturday The virus attacks the nervous system and is "invariably fatal," said Dennis Galvon, a Glenn County health officer. He said just one to three cases are reported each year nationally Galvon said the state department of health diagnosed the disorder Fnday Results of a second test were expected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention late Sunday The Willows resident arrived March 19 at Enloe Medical Center, the doctor said He was dehydrated and vomiting, began having seizures and was put on life support Officials would not identify the man. They weren't sure how he contracted the disease. http //library northemheht coin/ EC20020330900000019htm19cb =0 &dx= 1006 &sc =0 04/01/2002 Disease Mat devastates nog fauns iesuimces near 11 iunont trceu" e c Eve lcmezone cars snooping won avenue ccmmu,nire.s metro r region nation v,orls Fol t ousrness sports variety opinion fun games ta'k vs' iness. index ap business news technology business calendar business forum company earnings reports company press releases data bank everybody's business photos business projects 2002 economic forecast mn tobacco settlement star tribune 100 top 25 grantmakers nonprofit 100 archive stories photo reprints projects contact corrections feedback Disease that devastated hog farms resurfaces near Wilmont Joy Powell Star Tribune r.,b■s ^eJ Ao Pseudorabies, a disease thought to have been eradicated from the nation's swine herds, has reappeared in southwestern Minnesota Farmers and vetermanans are conducting blood tests on about 1,500 within six miles of the infected farm, which is on the eastern edge of Wilmont- near Worthington in Nobles County Tests on the first 1,000 pigs have come back negative, Paul Anderson, assistant director of the Minnesota Board of Animal Health, said Monday evening About 800 pigs on the farm owned by Jim and Joan Joens have been placed under quarantine and will be destroyed, even though test results on all of their animals are not complete Government veterinary officials are moving fast because in 1999 and 2000 pseudorabies outbreaks swept through 334 swine herds in the state many in southwestern Minnesota That outbreak cost the industry millions of dollars, even though the government made up for part of the cost "It's very disappointing," Anderson said of the new outbreak "Up until this herd broke, there were no known cases of pseudorabtes in the United States in domestic pigs The disease does not affect humans or food safety, he said In fact, some hogs ready for market on the Joens farm will be sold to a Sioux Falls meat processor Tuesday, where they will be taken in a sealed truck Smaller pigs not ready for market will be destroyed. "Because pseudorabies is highly contagious, it is imperative the disease be contained," said Bill Hartmann, the state veterinarian The disease kill swine, especially piglets, but more commonly causes reproductive problems and other conditions However, pseudorabies is deadly to cattle, cats, dogs, sheeps and goats "We hope it's just the one farm because then it's controllable," said Dave Page 1 of Related c ¢9 Erail this Pr r; this Search 1 News Find IV More searcn opt http: /www.startribune com/stones/535/2233343 html 04/16/2002 Disease that devastated hog farms resurfaces near near W ilmont Preisler, executive director of the Minnesota Pork Producers Association "But if it's spread beyond that, then were in a different situation And we won't know that until the blood tests come back After the earlier outbreaks, the Minnesota Board of Animal Health banned the mow ement of infected animals, restncted imports of swine from areas at high risk for pseudorabies. and launched an aggressive vaccination program By June 2001 the last quarantine in Minnesota was lifted and the state appeared to ha\ e eradicated the viral disease Since January. when Iowa cleared up the last outbreak the United States had been free of the disease in farm pigs though it has remained endemic in wild boars in Southern states Evidence of this new outbreak first surfaced April 5, when Joens learned that a routine blood test for a baby pig he bought from Iowa came back positive Another round of tests turned up eight more infected pigs, he said Monday Joens said he doesn't know how his pigs became infected whether one came to the farm that way from Iowa, whether manure trucked into the area as fertilizer on nearby fields contained the virus, or by some other means Keith Moller of Larchmore, Iowa, who sold Joens the piglet that later tested positive, said Monday that he has been testing his pigs monthly and has not had the disease on his farm since the early 1970s Moller drove to Iowa State University in Ames Monday with samples of blood drawn from his 520 sows by government veterinarians He results by Tuesday evening Under Minnesota law, the pigs had to be tested 30 days before he sold them and then 15 to 45 days after Joens took possession Moller also sold pigs to two other farmers who are partners with Joens Test results on those animals were not yet available Monday All of Joens' hogs will be either slaughtered or destroyed Joens will be compensated for his hogs at market value, said Mark Davidson, area vetennarian with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service "I haven't slept for a week, worrying about what next is happening here," Joens said Monday. "By Wednesday night, I'll probably be a really depressed farmer It could be up to four months before his farm is deemed safe for a new herd, and Joens said he's unsure whether he'll continue with hog farming. Page2ot_ http /www startnbune corn/stories/535/2233343 html 04/16/2002 lliscase that devastated hoer hums tesuitaces near 0, tlmont Page 3 of Government workers have already parked a 20 -foot blue chute in front of his barn that will be used to haul away his pigs "When you see that chute coming. down the road and it pulls in your yard, you know the end is coming You know that you'ie going to be cleaned out. ally our Iivestock is going to be gone It's like you're looking death in the eye, and there ain't a damn thing you can do about It Joy Powell is at jpowellCctartriburre.cont Return to top Copyright 2002 Star Tnbune All rights reserved http• /www.startribune com/stones/535/2233343 html 04/16/2002 1 Rabies information in Wild and Domestic animals >I r .Q O N O N to E ti Q It O N cu cp E Q c c cn R 0 ca re r O 0 N 2 ca cu ca a 0 to 1 0 CO c O L r r 171 i 0 cC e0 O O +r U U Cl 2 0 i 1 1 0 1 0 M 0 sese3 JO iagwnN 1 0 r 0 L ea a) iv a co N a) C O O co N A ti N O RS r E w c O Q /1\ c C C N 0 co CC 4 6 N 0 N ct 0 0 0 o 0 o o 0 in o in 0 in M M N N r- seseo jo .iagwnN 0 0 0 N L0 0 r 11- 0 00 r LO rn s o 1 I r 0 0 0 to CDC Rabies Epidemiology Site Contents Introduction The Virus Natural History Diagnosis Epidemiology Prevention Control Question Answer Bats Rabies Kids Rabies Horne Page Epidemiology CDC Home Search Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and causes of disease in populations Epidemiologists study how many people or animals have a disease, the outcome of the disease (recovery, death, disability, etc and the factors that influence the distribution and outcome of the disease http. /www cdc gov/ ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Epidemiology /Epidemiology htm lieatth Topics A -Z Nctionol Center for Infectious Diseases 'B +IES Rabies Home 1.' Professional Resources I 1 Links :1:: Contact US Pace 1 of Page Contents US rabies surveillance data, 2000 Wild animals Domestic animals fr Human rabies The epidemiology of rabies addresses several questions what animals have rabies and in what regions of the country, how many people get rabies and from what animals, and what are the best strategies for preventing rabies in people and animals Epidemiologic information is often presented as statistical data (e g numbers or percentages in graphs and on maps) For example, in 2000, 7369 cases of rabies were reported in the United States Raccoons accounted for about 40% of reported cases United States rabies surveillance data, 2000 Each year, scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collect information about cases of animal and human rabies from the state health departments and publish the information in a summary report The most recent report, entitled "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2000," contains the eptdemiologic information on rabies during 2000 This report can be found in its entirety in Piofessional Resources Below is a brief summary of the surveillance information for 2000, including maps showing the distribution of rabies in the United States In 2000, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7369 cases of rabies in animals and no cases in humans to CDC (Hawaii is the only state that has never reported an indigenously accquired rabies case in humans or animals) The total number of reported cases increased by 4 27% from those reported in 1999 (7,067 cases) 04/24/2002 LOL Rabies Epidemiology Paae 3 or f Distribution of Major Terrestrial Reservoirs of Rabies in the United States A Y Other wild rabies Domestic animals Domestic species accounted for 6 9% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2000 The number of reported rabid domestic animals decreased 15 3% from the 601 cases reported in 1999 to 509 in 2000 Rabies in Domestic Animals by Month. 2000 so- 20 10 0 r r Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 'Nov Dec Month ita In 2000, cases of rabies in dogs and sheep /goats increased 2 7% and 11 1% respectively, whereas those in cats, cattle, horses and swine decreased 10 4 38 5% and 100 0% respectively compared with those reported in 1999. Rabies cases in cats continue to be more than twice as numerous as those in dogs or cattle Texas reported the largest number of rabid domestic animals (56) for any state, followed by Virginia (56) http: /www cdc gov /ncidod/ dvrd rabies /Epidemiology/Epidemiology.htm 04/24/2002 CDC Rabies Natural History Site Contents Introduction The Virus Natural History Diagnosis Epidemiology Prevention Control Question Answer Bats Rabies Kids Rabies Horne Page NATURAL HISTORY 3 Rabies virus spreads through the nerves to the spinal cord and brain. 2. Rabies *us enters the raccoon trough infected saliva CDC Home http /www cdc gov /ncidod/dvrd /rabies /natural_ hi story/riathist htm Search 1 Raccoon Is bitten by a rabid animal Health Topics A -Z Rabies Home I Professional Resources l Reterefees 1.linkth I Contact US Natural History Page Contents Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis in all warm blooded hosts, including humans, and the outcome is Natural Histor} almost always fatal Although all species of mammals are Transmission susceptible to rabies virus infection, only a few species I. signs and are important as reservoirs for the disease In the United symptoms States, several distinct rabies virus variants have been Pathology identified in terrestnal mammals, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes In addition to these terrestrial reservoirs, several species of insectivorous bats are also reservoirs for rabies Transmission Transmission of rabies virus usually begins when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal Various routes of transmission have been documented and include contamination of mucous membranes (i e e} es, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal transplantations The most common mode of rabies v irus transmission is through the bite and virus- containing saliva of an infected host Figure 1. The infectious path of rabies virus 4 The virus Incubates in raccoon's body for approximately 3 -12 weeks the raccoon has no signs of illness durmg lhts time 5 When 4 reaches Inc bran Inc virus mufiplias rapidly passes to the salivary glands. and the raccoon begins to show signs disease 6 The rnlecied a rer al usually dies within 7 days of becoming sick Page 1 of Following pnmary infection (see Figure, numbers 1 2), the virus enters an eclipse phase in which it cannot be easily detected within the host This phase may last for several days or months Investigations have shown both direct entry of virus into penpheral nerves at the site of infection and indirect entry after viral replication in nonnenous tissue (i e muscle cells) During the eclipse phase, the host immune defenses may confer cell mediated immunity against viral infection because rabies virus is a good antigen The uptake of virus into peripheral nerves is important for progressive infection to occur (see Figure, number 3) 04/24/2002 >From cyr5 @cdc gov Wed Dec 16 16 19 14 1998 From "Rupprecht, Charles" <cyr5@cdc gov> To "'barefoot@offthewallemponum com <barefoot @offthewaliemponum com> Subject RE. Rabies Primates Date Wed, 16 Dec 1998 16 16 34 -0500 X- Mailer Internet Mail Service (5 5 2232.9) Thank you for your question As of December, 1998, there have been no documented cases of human rabies acquisition from infected, non -human primate transmission in the United States, although such cases have been reported abroad Best regards CR http• /www.offthewallemporium com/images /dr03 jpg Page 1 of 1 05/06/2002 Man Uiagnosen With Human Ranies for Pent My Accounts My A lerts My Help ASSOCIATED PRESS Simple Search Business Search ASSOCIATED PRESS Title Man Diagnosed With Human Rabies Summary• CHICO, Calif (AP) A 28- year -old man is on life support suffering from an extremely rare cas of human rabies, health officials said Saturday Source Date Price Document Size Document ID• Subiect(s) Document Type AP Online 03/30/2002 19 06 Free Very Short (0194 words) EC20020330900000019 Science, Health, Medical Articles General info Story Filed. Saturday, March 30, 2002 7 PM EST Power Search Search News Investext Search Special Editions M Man Diagnosed With Human Rabies CHICO, Calif (AP) A 28- year -old man is on life support suffering from an extremely rare case of human rabies, health officials said Saturday The virus attacks the nervous system and is "invariably fatal," said Dennis Galvon, a Glenn County health officer. He said just one to three cases are reported each year nationally Galvon said the state department of health diagnosed the disorder Friday Results of a second test were expected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention late Sunday The Willows resident arrived March 19 at Enloe Medical Center, the doctor said He was dehydrated and vomiting, began having seizures and was put on life support Officials would not identify the man. They weren't sure how he contracted the disease. edge 1 01 http•//library.northernlight com/ EC20020330900000019 :html ?cb =0 &dx= 1006 &sc =0 04/01/2002 Dog Bite Information JS Online Dog attacks chase away insurance companies E -MAIL JS ONLINE! TMJ4 I WTMJ I WKTI I CNI I `Otn1'1II LAKE COUNTRY 7ounaal Sentinel Services Classifieds OnWisconsin LIVE Shops Veiow Pages C us or ier Service on yo -f� Jt tRi3AL5E1�IINE[ 34 truism day; 7 days a wel'k Subsevibeand pdy: News Articles Advanced Searches News Wisconsin Milwaukee Waukesha Oz /Wash Racine Editorials Columnists Obituaries Letter to Editor Weather AP The Wire Special Features: Chronic Wasting Disr.:si AII1,`± d.a 4.. h.i ri CAUCUS e on ,r.c_trpJLv., ur 1 •r sin O PHOTO OF THE f ig` DAYA i ON WISCONSIN IS ONLINE NEWS MILWAUKEE c; k °'`e x S_H Dog attacks chase away insurance companies Some firms cancel, refuse to insure dog owners By AMY RINARD of the Journal Sentinel staff Last Updated- May 5, 2002 E -MAIL 1 PRINT THIS STORY Recent reports of dog attacks and a state law that provides double damages for some dog related mjunes have Increasingly caused nervous insurance companies around the state to cancel or refuse to wnte liability policies for dog owners "We get two or three letters a month from people whose homeowner's insurance has either not been renewed or been flat -out canceled because they have dogs," said Pam Thomas, president of the Dog Federation of Wisconsin Eric Englund, president of the Wisconsin Insurance Alliance, said the reluctance of insurers to write and renew policies for dog owners is a growing trend in the insurance industry nationwide made worse here in Wisconsin by the state's double damages law "The insurance industry is driven by data, and the data indicate that in a state like Wisconsin that has rural areas and a lot of dogs, there's going to be a lot of dog bite claims," Englund said "Insurance companies are nervous about paying double damages It's clear that the senous nature of dog bite claims, complicated by the double damages provision, has caused some companies to look extremely closely at underwriting households with dogs The Dog Federation and other organizations of dog owners are working with the insurance industry to try to change Wisconsin law to http www, jsonline .com/news/metro /may02/41214 asp Page 1 of-1 REAL NI aba I', 4- p 'JS ()clime Features LI 0 -.r ;,r.., Cr71lay 0nWiscorsin Ticket Bryant WHAT Al BEST -DR FURNI AND, CONDITI ARE WEI We're pn Oka; ft air card arl�i heat have ear Good Hot ing Seal, just how they are, call and the Whatever 05/07/2002 Js Online. Dog attacks chase away insurance companies Page 3 of 4 households in which dogs of any breed already have a history of causing injury Thomas, the owner of Siberian huskies, said her organization is not advocating lessening the consequences for the owners of dogs that bite people But, she said, the law should apply to dog bite cases only and not to property damage At the urging of the Dog Federation and the Insurance Alliance, legislation was introduced last y ear to eliminate the double damages provision for dog injuries and specify that forfeitures for injuries caused by dogs would apply to dog bite cases only Under the bill, the owner of a dog that bites a person would be subject to a forfeiture of $500 to $5,000 If the owner knew the dog had previously caused injury by biting a person, the forfeiture would increase to $2,000 to $10,000. The measure also would have allowed any person to ask a court to order that a dog be killed if the dog had caused serious injury by bitmg a person on two separate occasions and the owners knew about the first biting mcident Now, only the state or a municipality may petition a court to have a dog euthamzed The bill, AB -462, did not make it out of committee after a public heanng dunng which victims of dog attacks testified against changing the law The bill died for lack of action when the legislative session ended in March Rep. Mark Pettis (R -Town of La Follette), the author of the bill, said he would introduce the legislation again next year because he believes y it would help responsible dog owners get homeowner's insurance: f 2 c$ Dentice does not believe the law should be changed. property." Appeared in the Milwaukee Journal Sentmel on May 6, 2002 e .com/news/metro /may02/41214.asp "Anyone who owns a dog should control their dog," said Dentice, who now represents a person whose small dog was attacked by another dog. "There are times when dogs do cause damage to other pets or, cow_ s and that is property. If we as humans would be responsible for property damage, dog owners have to be responsible for damage to 6ACK 70 TOP 05/07/2002 ASPS, AVMA and CDC Team Up To Promote Dog -Bite Prevention National Dog Bite Prev Page 1 of 3 is s ANIS as— assaNI rn n►cvvnvv'nc Source: Date: Document ID: Subject(s): as aa as —asan rn ivcvv ASPS, AVMA and CDC Team Up To Promote DogBite Prevention National Dog Bite Prevention Week is May 19-25 Story Filed Wednesday, May 01, 2002 11 53 AM EST PR Newswire 05/01/2002 11 FC20020501600002448 PRN, Agriculture, Animal, Art, Canada, Children, College, Community, Disease, Health, Healthcare, Local, Maryland, Medical, Medicine, Partnership, Physicians, President, Species, Surgery, Veterinary, Web CHICAGO, May 1, 2002 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ Man's best friend bites more than 4 7 million people a year and key experts believe that public education can help prevent these bites. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have teamed up for National Dog Bite Prevention Week, May 19 -25, to educate Americans about dog -bite prevention "We are dedicated to the protection of animal and human health and committed to ensuring that relationships between people and dogs benefit both species," said AVMA President Dr James H Brandt "This is easily accomplished when dog owners take the time to responsibly own and socialize their dogs Dog owners need to keep their dogs healthy and follow leash laws In addition, dog owners should socialize their dogs to feel at ease around people and other ammals and never put their dogs in situations where they are threatened or teased "Plastic surgeons repair devastating wounds from thousands of dog attacks every year most attacks can be prevented. With the recent attention given to the issue from the deadly attack in San Francisco, it's time dog owners, parents and all adults learn how to prevent dog bites," reported ASPS President Edward Luce, MD "Our partnership with the AVMA and the CDC to promote dog -bite prevention is more important than ever "As many as 800,000 people, more than half of them cluldren, require medical attention for dog bites each year and about a dozen people die each year from dog bite injuries," said Sue Binder, MD, CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control director. "CDC is committed to reducing this public health http //library northernlight com/FC20020501600002448 05/07/2002 Dog bite statistics Page 1 of 2 A Layperson's Guide to Health and Disease Health Matters Home 1 Contents 1 Search i Post 1 Reply I Nest 1 Prey sous l Up Dog bite statistics From: Secretweasel Date: 07 Mar 2000 Time: 21 00 11 Remote Name: 12 13.238 140 Comments DrKlein.net Facts and Studies Aproximately 4 7 million dog bites per year in the U.S Approximately 800,000 of those dog bites require medical attention. The majonty of mjuries to children occur in the face, head and neck areas Dog bites are a greater health problem for children than measles, mumps, and whooping cough combined The majority of dog bites occur in the vicinity of the dog owner's property Unneutered dogs are more than 2 6 times more likely to bite than neutered dogs Male dogs are 6 2 times more likely to bite than female dogs. The CDC recommends the following to prevent dog bite- related deaths and injuries Animal control at the community level Spaying and neutering of dogs Dog bite reporting Public education (Source: Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Dr Jeffrey Sacks, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the CDC) „..W Dog bites hive increased 37- percent in the last 10 years. Nearly 4.5 million dog bites occur each year About 334,000 victims receive their medical care in an emergency room, at a cost of over $100 million per year 46 1- percent of these cases were categorized as "urgent" when triaged in the emergency room Dog bite treatment payments are higher than average emergency room visit costs due to the ragged nature of many lacerations, infection nsk and the large number of bites that require rabies treatment For each dog bite fatality there are about 670 hospitalizations, 16,000 emergency room visits and 21,000 other medical visits and 187,000 non medically treated bites Children are the most frequent victims Children are most frequently bitten in the face, neck, and head area (They often incur senous facial damage that requires plastic surgery). Boys ages five to nine are at the highest nsk Dog bites accounted for more emergency room visits than playground injuries; for more visits than injuries from bikes, mopeds, ATV's, inline skating, skateboards- combined Most dog bites were reported to have occurred in or near the owners home 334,000 new dog bite cases treated m ER's each year (this number does not include follow -up visits) (Source: Center for Violence and Injury Control, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh• http /www.drklein.net/_disc1 /00000031 htm 05/02/2002 Dog Hite Law Center Dog B ite Statistics Dog Bite Statistics pog Stattstme Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States seeks medical attention for a dog bite. There are approximately 800,000 bites per year in the United States that require medical treatment Most of the victims are children, and most of them are bitten on the face Almost $165 million is spent treating dog bites and 7Q% of dog bites occur on the owner's property. Dog bites result in approximately 44,000 facial injuries each year This represents between 0 5% and 1 5% of all hospital emergency room visits Male patients slightly outnumber females Unfortunately children comprise 60% of the dog bite victims Severe injuries occur almost exclusively in children less than 10 years of age The face is the most frequent target (77% of all injures) Mail carriers are an exception where 97% involve the lower extremities We see an unusual number of dreadful injuries each spring Severely injured patients stay an average of 4 2 days in the hospital Dog bites cause an average of 18 deaths a year Types of injuries Dog bites can inflict Cuts and lacerations, abrasions, crushing wounds, punctures and fractured bones. These wounds can often result in disfiguring scars The central target area for the face includes the lips, nose, and cheeks Dog bites are becoming more common because of the increase in dog ownership and interaction of people and dogs Many owners are ignorant of proper care and training of dogs. The vast majority of bites are by pet dogs and happen when people are engaged in social behavior in appropriate places They generally (61%) occur close to dog's home or home of the bitten person. Typically (77 injuries are by friendly dogs known to the bitten person. It is impossible to predict what might provoke a friendly dog to bite They may be in pain, become panic stricken, feel threatened, or any number of factors Children aged 5 or younger are more likely to provoke animals Dog should never be left unattended with small children Hounds are less likely to injure than working or sporting breeds Puppies are also more likely to Injure than an adult dog http: /www dog- bite -law- center com/pgs /stats.html Page 1 of 3 05/02/2002 Dog Bite Law Center Dog lute Statistics Page 3 of 3 6 Disturb a dog that is sleeping, eating, or caring for puppies 7. Leave a small child and dog alone 8 Ignore the warning signals of aggressive behavior omit vaccination of a dog A Threatened Dog Often Bites Never run from or scream at a dog Do not challenge the dog by staring it right in the eye Be as still as possible if approached by an unfamiliar dog If a dog knocks you over, roll into a ball and stay still CetjegalHetp 2ourRights 3iteStatv3cs I- Owners Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States seeks medical attention for a dog bite There are approximately 800,000 bites per year in the United States that require medical treatment If you or someone you know has been bitten by a dog, you may be entitled to compensation Contact us to get legal help http: /www. dog bite law- center.com/pgs/stats html All contents copyright Dog Bite Law Center 2001 Use of this site is dictated by our terms and conditions 05/02/2002 Dog Bite Statistics Contact the law offices of Edgar Snyder Associates, a Personal Injury an Page 1 of 2 Edgar Snyder &ASSOCIATES Home About Us Injured -Need Help? Practice Areas News Contact Us a !rau, esen ng jured People (Get Injury Help Fast ep In Dog Bites Statistics From 1979 through 1996, dog attacks resulted in more than 300 human dog -bite related deaths in the United States Most of the victims were children In 1997 and 1998, at least 27 people died as a result of dog bite attacks (18 in 1997, and 9 in 1998) Of these, 19 were young children between zero and 11 years of age, and 8 were older children and adults between 17 and 87 years of age Of the 27 people who died as a result of dog bite attacks m 1997 and 1998, 67 percent (18) involved unrestrained dogs on the owner's property, 19 percent (5) involved unrestrained dogs off the owner's property, 11 percent (3) involved restrained dogs on the owner's property, and 4 percent (1) involved a restrained dog off the owner's property 60 percent of the fatal dog bite attacks by unrestrained dogs that occurred off the owner's property in 1997 and 1998 involved attacks by more than one dog Of the 27 people who died as a result of dog bite attacks during 1997 and 1998, 67 percent (18) involved an attack by one dog, 19 percent (5) involved an attack by two dogs, and 15 percent (4) involved an attack by 3 dogs 17 states accounted for the 27 dog bite fatalities that occurred in 1997 and 1998 They were: California (4 deaths), Georgia and North Carolina (3 deaths each); Kansas, Texas, and Wisconsin (2 deaths each); and Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missoun, New York, South Dakota, and Tennessee (1 death each) Rottweilers and Pit Bulls were involved in 60 percent of the 27 dog bite fatalities that occurred in 1997 and 1998 Rottweilers were involved in 10 deaths, and Pit Bulls were involved in 6 From 1979 through 1998, at least 25 breeds of dogs have been involved in 238 human dog bite related deaths. Pit Bulls and Rottweilers were mvolved in more than 50 percent of these deaths Between 1979 and 1998, 58 percent of human deaths involved attacks by unrestrained dogs who were on their owner's property at the time of the attack It has been estimated that about 4 7 million people (nearly 2 percent of the American population) are bitten by dogs each year httpV /www.edgarsnyder com/injured/dog/stats html 05/02/2002 Vol 46 No 21 MMWR 463 Dog- Bite Related Fatalities United States, 1995 -1996 From 1979 through 1994, attacks by dogs resulted in 279 deaths of humans in the United States (1,2) Such attacks have prompted widespread review of existing local and state dangerous -dog laws, including proposals for adoption of breed specific re- strictions to prevent such episodes (3) To further characterize this problem and the involvement of specific breeds, CDC analyzed data from the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and media accounts in the NEXIS database* This report pre- sents three recent cases of dog -bite- related fatalities (DBRFs), summarizes charac- teristics of such deaths during 1995 -1996, and provides breed specific data for DBRFs during 1979 -1996 The findings in this report indicate that most DBRFs occurred among children and suggest approaches for prevention In January 1995, a 2- year -old boy in South Dakota wandered into a neighbor's yard, where he was attacked and killed by two chained wolf- German shepherd hybrids In September 1995, a 3- week -old girl in Pennsylvania was killed in her crib by the family Chow Chow while her parents slept in the next room In March 1996, an 86- year -old woman in Tennessee went outside of her home to check the weather and was fatally mauled by two rottweilers owned by a neighbor, the dogs had attacked and injured the woman 1 month before the fatal attack The HSUS attempts to identify all DBRFs (1,2) and maintains a registry of these incidents A DBRF was defined as a death caused by acute trauma from a dog attack Case reports in the registry include details such as date of death, age and sex of dece- dent, city and state of attack, number and breeds of dogs involved, and circumstances To supplement HSUS reports, CDC included data from the NEXIS database and death certificates However, death certificate data were not available for 1995 -1996 Deaths associated with infection secondary to dog bites were excluded Data from HSUS and NEXIS were merged to maximize detection of cases and avoid duplicate reports Because news media accounts can inaccurately report breeds of dogs involved in DBRFs, only breed data from the HSUS were used (4) When multi- ple dogs of the same breed were involved in a fatality, that breed was counted only once. When crossbred animals were involved in a fatality, each breed in the dog's parentage was counted once Dogs were also classified as on or off the owner's prop- erty and whether they were restrained (e g chained or leashed) at the time of the attack. During 1995 -1996, at least 25 persons died as the result of dog attacks (11 in 1995 and 14 in 1996). Of the 25 DBRFs, 20 (80 occurred among children (three were aged .30 days [neonates], one was aged 5 months, 10 were aged 1-4 years, and six were aged 5-11 years), and five occurred among adults (ages 39, 60, 75, 81, and 86 years) Most (18 [72 DBRFs occurred among males Of 23 deaths with sufficient information for classification, seven (30 involved an unrestrained dog off the owner's property, five (22 involved a restrained dog on the owner's property, and 11 (48 involved an unrestrained dog on the owner's property Of the 25 deaths, nine (36 involved one dog, nine (36 involved two dogs, two (8 involved three dogs, and five (20 involved six to 11 dogs All the attacks by un- restrained dogs off the owner's property involved more than one dog Of the three "An on -line service containing information from newspapers, magazines, wire services, and broadcast transcripts Vol 46 No 21 MMWR 465 Dog Bites Continued deaths among neonates, all occurred on the dog owner's property and involved one dog and a sleeping child During 1995 -1996, rottweilers were the most commonly reported breed involved in fatal attacks (Table 1) Fatal attacks were reported from 14 states (California [four deaths], Florida and Pennsylvania [three each], Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, and South Dakota [two each], and Connecticut, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Washington [one each]) Reported by R Lockwood, PhD, Humane Society of the United States, Washington, DC Div of Unintentional Injuries Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC Editorial Note During 1979 -1996, fatal dog attacks occurred in 45 states (Figure 1) In 1986, nonfatal dog bites resulted in an estimated 585,000 injuries that required medi- cal attention or restricted activity, in that year, dog bites ranked 12th among the lead- ing causes of nonfatal injury in the United States (5) In 1994, an estimated 4 7 million persons (1 8% of the U S population) sustained a dog bite, of these, approximately 800,000 (0.3 sought medical care for the bite The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations First, because death certificate data were not available, the two sources used for case finding in 1995 -1996 probably underestimated the number of DBRFs and may represent only 74% of actual cases 1,2) Second, to definitively determine whether certain breeds are disproportionately represented, breed specific fatality rates should be calculated The numerator for such rates requires complete ascertainment of deaths and an accu- rate determination of the breed involved, and the denominator requires reliable FIGURE 1. Number of dog- bite-related fatalities, by state United States, 1979 -1996* For 1979 -1994, data obtained from the Humane Society of the United States registry, NEXIS database accounts, and death certificates For 1995 -1996, data from death certificates were not available. Vol 46 No 21 MMWR 467 Dog Bites —Continued 5 Sosin DM, Sacks JJ, Sattin RW Causes of nonfatal injuries in the United States, 1986 Accid Anal Prev 1992,24 685 6 Sacks JJ, Kresnow M, Houston 8 Dog bites how big a problem? Injury Prev 1996,2 52-4 7 Gershman KA, Sacks JJ, Wright JC Which dogs bite? A case control study of risk factors Pediatrics 1994,93913 -7 8 Companion Animals Section and Division of Higher Education Programs Guidelines forregu- lating dangerous or vicious dogs Washington, DC Humane Society of the United States, August 1987 9 Lockwood R Dangerous dogs revisited The Humane Society News 1992,37 20-2 10 American Veterinary Medical Association AVMA Welfare Forum human canine interactions J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997,210 1121 -54 Measures for Preventing Dog Bites Realistically evaluate environment and lifestyle and consult with a professional (e g veterinarian, animal behaviorist, or responsible breeder) to determine suit- able breeds of dogs for consideration Dogs with histories of aggression are inappropriate in households with children Be sensitive to cues that a child is fearful or apprehensive about a dog and, if so, delay acquiring a dog Spend time with a dog before buying or adopting it Use caution when bringing a dog or puppy into the home of an infant or toddler Spay /neuter virtually all dogs (this frequently reduces aggressive tendencies). Never leave infants or young children alone with any dog Properly socialize and train any dog entering the household Teach the dog sub- missive behaviors (e g rolling over to expose abdomen and relinquishingfood without growling) Immediately seek professional advice (e g., from veterinarians, animal behavior- ists, or responsible breeders) if the dog develops aggressive or undesirable behaviors Do not play aggressive games with your dog (e g wrestling). Teach children basic safety around dogs and review regularly: Never approach an unfamiliar dog. Never run from a dog and scream. Remain motionless when approached by an unfamiliar dog (e.g "be still like a tree If knocked over by a dog, roll into a ball and lie still (e.g "be still like a log Never play with a dog unless supervised by an adult Immediately report stray dogs or dogs displaying unusual behavior to an adult. Avoid direct eye contact with a dog Do not disturb a dog who is sleeping, eating, or caring for puppies Do not pet a dog without allowing it to see and sniff you first If bitten, immediately report the bite to an adult Source: Reference 2 National Center for injury Prevention and Control Dog Bite Injuries To the Editor References Notes Search NCIPC Searc7' To the Editor: http: /www cdc gov /ncipc /duip/hospital htm CDC Home Search Health Topics A -2 National Center for Injury Prevention Control Home SAFER 1 MEALTMIER PCOPLC` Page News Facts Data Publications Funding Search Contact Us Hospitalizations for Dog Bite Injuries Although the recent report by Mr Weiss and colleagues[1] provided a national estimate of 333,687 dog bite injuries treated in emergency departments (EDs) each year and other work has estimated approximately 17 deaths annually from dog bites,[2] we know of no national estimates of hospitalizations for dog bite injuries The Healt Care Utilization Project (HCUP) database maintained by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research contains standardized hospital discharge summaries (including diagnoses, external causes of injury, and total hospitalization charges) for all hospital discharges from 904 sampled hospitals in 17 states When weighted, the data provide national estimates From HCUP, we identified records with mention of E 906 0 (the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision external cause -of -injury code for dog bite) and then estimated 5991 hospital discharges for dog bite injuries in 1994 Discharge rates per 100,000 appeared inversely related to age 0- to 4- year -olds, 5 0, 5- to 9 -year- olds, 4 9, 10- to 14- year -olds, 2 6, 15- to 19 -year -olds, 1 2, 20- to 39 year -olds, 1 6, and those aged 40 years or older, 2 0 Those injured were male in 55% of the cases Length of stay on average was 3 6 days and was longer for older persons (2 7 days for 0- to 4 -year -olds compared with 4 7 days for those aged 40 years or older) Hospital charges for persons with dog bites totaled $40 5 nullion Mean hospital charges were higher at extremes of the age range ($6369 for 0- to 4 -year -olds, $4622 for 15- to 19 -year -olds, $6842 for those age 40 years or older) These hospital charges do not include charges for physician services or subsequent post discharge care Inpatient physician fees are estimated as an additional 25% of hospital charges,[3] and the sum o hospital charges and inpatient physician fees represents only 81% of the total charges incurred dunng the year following discharge for a traumatic injury [4] Thus, we estimate $62 5 million in charges related to hospitalizations Combining this figure with the estimate made by Weiss et al of $102.4 million for ED visits,[1] direct medical care charges for dog bites are estimated at $164.9 million Moreover, direct costs represent only 65% to 70% of the total costs of injury[4] (i e totalcosis of $235 6 million- $253.7 million) This total is based on the HCUP estimate of 5991 hospitalizations for dog Page 1 of 2 04/24/2002 Bite Wounds 1993 Page 1 of 4 Human and Animal Bitewounds Overview and Management Case Study S. Patient is an 18 year old mulatto female who presents to the Emergency Room c/o multiple dog bites to her right lower extremity She states that she was riding a horse approximately 1 1/2 hours pnor to arrival and was attacked by a large mixed breed dog Attack was unprovoked except that patient was probably ndrng through the dog's yard The dog's behavior was not considered aberrant by the patient and the dog was unknown to the patient Her boyfriend notified Animal Control and the dog was picked up for observation She had been treated with hydrogen peroxide PTA Her last tetanus shot had been 1 year prior 0: Afebrile VSS P. E. was unremarkable except for numerous lacerations and puncture wounds to her right lower extremity between midthigh and upper calf There was one 3cm- square skin and subcutaneous defect extending to the muscle approx 3 cm below the knee posteriorly Most of the wounds were postenor and had little debris in them. Only minor bleeding present FROM Neurovascular intact C: The patients wounds were soaked in betadine solution and then carefully cleaned They were lavaged with approximately 2 liters of G U irngant (normal saline plus neosporm solution). Large wounds were packed open with wet to dry dressings, and she was given Augmentin 500 mg P 0 q 6 hours She was given instructions for cleaning and was followed every day for a week On follow -up, she showed no signs of infection She is presently healing well, and Surgery is considering secondarily closing the large defect using a small dram Patient continues to do well Incidence and Statistics 1995 Over 100 million d`ogs and cats in U.S. Between 1 and 2 million dog bites reported each year Dogs responsible for approx 85% of bite wounds 1/3 of all animal bites occur m children 85% of dog bites and 80% of cat bites are inflicted by animals belonging to victem's family or a neighbor o approx. 1/2 are considered provoked o facial injuries more common in children In 1992 bites account for 1% of all ER visits o_ 10,000 hospitalizations annually o_ 10 20 reported deaths annually Cfi "cr Cost ifi'niediaal estimated at $5 -30 million/yr. i:ki'r i g=irt E J Mayeaux, Jr M D Associate Professor of Family Medicine Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Louisiana State Unnersity Medical Center Shreveport, Louisiana http %lib sh lsumc.edu/fammed/grounds/bites html r 05/06/2002 Bite Wounds 1993 benzalkonium chloride, or betadine 5 Debnde meticulously and aseptically all nonviable tissue Remove all foreign particles 6 Imgate wounds thoroughly with at least 1000 cc normal saline Consider using pressure lavage 7 Administer prophylactic antibiotics if the wound was on the hand or arm or if the animal's teeth penetrated to the bone or tendon sheath, or if wound is more than 8 hours old 8 Splint extensively lacerated arms or legs 9 Elevate Lack of elevation is most common cause of treatment failure. 10 Call animal control Rabies Most cases in wild animals because of widespread pet vaccination Most common in Southeast, esp Florida, Georgia and Alabama Dx made by direct immunofluorescence test on ammal brain Transmission Animals secrete virus in their saliva Time of secretion before clinical symptoms in animals varies o Cats up to 2 days o Dogs up to 3 days o skunks up to 18 days o bats up to several months Virus enters organism via bite wound and travels up peripheral nerves at rate of 3 mm/hr When it reaches the brain the patient develops clinical rabies and the prognosis is grave If a domestic animal has bitten someone, call animal control so they can capture, isolate and observe the ammal for 10 days, determine its vaccination status If it neither becomes ill nor dies during this period, rabies prophylaxis is unnecessary. To all patients meeting the following cntena, administer human rabies immune globulin, 20 IU/kg as a single dose and begin the human diploid cell rabies vaccine course, 1 mL I M on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90: Page 3 of 4 Bitten by a wild animal, sick or well, especially one that behaved aberrantly (such as attacking during the daylight, near human habitation), skunks, bats, foxes, and raccoons are likely rabies carriers Bitten by a domestic ammal that was ill or behaved aberrantly. Bitten by a stray domestic animal that was not captured, in a community that has a high incidence of rabies in wild animals (contact the local public health services for info.) Bitten by a wild ammal, sick or well, that is being kept as a pet Antimicrobial Treatment Given by most MD's with any but very minor wounds Animal Bites htip` //lib -sh lsumc.edu/fammed/grounds/bites html 05/06/2002 Objective —To summarize breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks during a 20 -year period and to assess policy implications Animals —Dogs for which breed was reported involved in attacks on humans between 1979 and 1998 that resulted in human dog bite- related fatalities (DBRF) Procedure —Data for human DBRF identified previ ously for the period of 1979 through 1996 were com- bined with human DBRF newly identified for 1997 and 1998 Human DBRF were identified by searching news accounts and by use of The Humane Society of the United States' registry databank Results— During 1997 and 1998, at least 27 people died of dog bite attacks (18 in 1997 and 9 in 1998) At least 25 breeds of dogs have been involved in 238 human DBRF during the past 20 years Pit bull -type dogs and Rottweilers were involved in more than half of these deaths Of 227 reports with relevant data, 55 (24 human deaths involved unrestrained dogs off their owners' property, 133 (58 involved unrestrained dogs on their owners' property 38 (17 involved restrained dogs on their owners' property and 1 1 involved a restrained dog off its owner s property Conclusions— Although fatal attacks on humans appear to be a breed specific problem (pit bull -type dogs and Rottweilers), other breeds may bite and cause fatalities at higher rates Because of difficulties inherent In determining a dog s breed with certainty, enforcement of breed specific ordinances raises con- stitutional and practical issues Fatal attacks represent a small proportion of dog bite Injures to humans and, therefore, should not be the primary factor driving public policy concerning dangerous dogs Many practi cal alternatives to breed specific ordinances exist and hold promise for prevention of dog bites (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000,217 836 -840) F rom 1979 through 1996, dog attacks resulted in more than 300 human dog bite- related fatalities Embargoed for Release Until 8 AM, September 15, 2000 Special Repo' L Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 Jeffrey J Sacks, MD, MPH, Leslie Sinclair, DVM, Julie Gilchrist, MD, Gall C Golab, PhD, DVM, Randall Lockwood, PhD (DBRF) in the United States 13 Most victims were chil- dren Studies indicate that pit bull -type dogs were involved in approximately a third of human DBRF reported during the 12 -year period from 1981 through 1992, and Rottweilers were responsible for about half of human DBRF reported during the 4 years from 1993 through 1996 These data have caused some individu- als to infer that certain breeds of dogs are more likely to bate than others and should, therefore, be banned or regulated more stringently 15 The purposes of the study reported here were to summarize breeds associated with reported human DBRF during a 20 year period and assess policy implications Procedure We collected data from The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and media accounts related to dog bite attacks and fatalities, using methods from pre- vious studies The HSUS maintains a registry of human DBRF including date of death, age and sex of decedent, city and state of attack, number and breeds of dogs involved, and circumstances relating to the attack To supplement HSUS reports, as in the past, a database` was searched for accounts of human DBRF that occurred in 1997 and 1998 Our search strategy involved scanning the text of newspapers and periodicals for certain words and word combinations likely to represent human DBRF followed by a review of articles containing those terms Data obtained from HSUS and news accounts were merged to maximize detection of human DBRF and avoid duplicate reports One new human DBRF from 1996 was Identified in the 1997 and 1998 reports and was added to the existing data for 1996 A human DBRF was defined as a human death caused by trauma from a dog bite In addition to excluding 9 human deaths, as described in previous reports (eg, dying of rabies from a dog bate, strangling on a leash or scarf pulled by a dog, dying from fire ant From the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control U5 Department of Health and Human Services US Public Health Service Centers for Di e're Control and Prevenuon 4770 Buford Hwy NE (MS K -63), Atlanta GA 30391 (Sacks, Gilchrist), The Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L Street NW Washington, DC 20037 (Sinclair Lockwood) and the Division of Education and Research American Vetennary Medical Association, 1931 N Meacham Rd Ste 100, Schaumburg, IL 60173 (Golab) Dr Sacks' present address 1s the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE (MS K 95) Atlanta, GA 30341 Dr Slnclair's present address is Shelter Veterinary Services, 9320 Jarrett Ct Montgomery Village, MD 20886 Use of trade names and commercial sources is for Identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the authors or their elan- ated agencies The authors thank Dr Suzanne Binder for technical assistance 36 'Vet Med Today, Special Report JAVMA, Vol 217, No 6, 15, 2000 Table 2— Breeds of dogs Involved in human dog bite related fatalities between 1979 and 1998 using death based and dog based approaches Breed Pit bull type Rottweiler German Shepherd Dog Husky -type (includes at least 2 Siberian) Malamute Wolf-dog hybrid Mixed breed (NOS) Chow Chow Doberman Saint Bernard Great Dane Labrador Retriever Akita Sled type (NOS) Bulldog Mastiff Boxer Collie Bullmastiff Hound -type (NOS) Rebiever -type (NOS) Chesapeake Bay Retriever West Highland Temer (NOS) Terrier type (NOS) Japanese Hunting Dog (NOS) Newfoundland Coonhound Sheepdog (NOS) Australian Shepherd Rhodesian Ridgeback Cocker Spaniel Purebred Crossbred Total Purebred Crossbred Total 66 3 1 1 1 'A purebred dog and a crossbred dog of this breed were involve once in the total column NOS Nototherwisespeclfed Death-based approach Dog -based approach 76' 44' 27' 21 15 14 12 11 10 8 7' 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9B 60 2 1 1 in a single fatality thereto 2 e that breed, 118 67 41 21 1 1 4 2 1 counted o y available, 55 2496) deaths involved unrestrained dogs off the owners' property, 133 (58 involved unre- strained dogs on the owners' property, 38 (17 involved restrained dogs on the owners' property, and 1 1 involved a restrained dog off the owner's property Four hundred three dogs were responsible for these attacks There were almost twice as many dogs involved in off owner property attacks, compared with attacks occurring on the owners' properties In 160 human deaths, 'only 1 dog was involved, in 49 deaths, 2 dogs were involved, 'and in 15 deaths, 3 dogs were involved Four and 7 dog4 Were involved in 3 deaths each, 5, 6, 'and 10 dogs were involved in 2 deaths each, and 11 and 14 dogs were responsible for 1 death each Discussion Ideally, breed specific bite rates would be calculat- ed to compare breeds and quantify the relative danger- ousness of each breed For example, 10 fatal attacks by Breed X relative to a population of 10,000 X's (1 /1,000) implies a greater risk thah 100 attacks by Breed Y rela- tive to a population of 1,000,000 Y's (0 1/1,000) Without consideration of the population sizes, Breed Y would be perceived to be the more dangerous breed on the basis of the number of fatalities Considering only bites that resulted in fatalities, because they are more easily ascertained than nonfatal bites,' the numerator of a dog breed specific human DBRF rate requires a complete accounting of human 838 Vet MedToday_SpeClal Report_ DBRF as well as an accurate determination of the breeds Involved Numerator data may be biased for 4 reasons First, the human DBRF reported here are like- ly underestimated, prior work suggests the approach we used identifies only 74% of actual cases Second, to the extent that attacks by 1 breed are more news- worthy than those by other breeds, our methods may have resulted in differential ascertainment of fatalities by breed Third, because identification of a dog's breed may be subjective (even experts may disagree on the breed of a particular dog), DBRF may be differentially ascribed to breeds with a reputation for aggression Fourth, it is not clear how to count attacks by cross- bred dogs Ignonng these data underestimates breed involvement (29% of attacking dogs were crossbred dogs), whereas including them permits a single dog to be counted more than once Therefore, we have elect- ed to present data separately for purebred and cross- bred dogs to demonstrate at least 2 alternative count- ing methods Relative rankings do not differ greatly whether one focuses only on purebred dogs or includes crossbred dogs The crossbreed issue is also problemat- ic when estimating denominators (ie, breed specific population sizes) The denominator of a dog breed specific human DBRF rate requires reliable breed specific population data Unfortunately, such data are not currently avail- able Considering American Kennel Club registration data' for Rottweilers in parallel with fatality data for that breed indicates that as the breed has soared in pop- JAVMA, Vol 21 7; I'Jb 6/September 15, 2000 evaluation of the effectiveness of breed specific legisla- tion in preventing fatal or nonfatal dog bites An alternative to breed specific legislation is to reg- ulate indnidual dogs and owners on the basis of their behavior Although, it is not systematically reported, our reading of the fatal bite reports indicates that problem behaviors (of dogs and owners) have preceded attacks in a great many cases and should be sufficient evidence for preemptive action Approaches to decreasing dangerous dog and owner behaviors are numerous The potential importance of strong animal control programs is illus- trated by our data, from 1979 through 1998, 24% of human DBRF were caused by owned dogs (typically more than 1) that were roaming off the owners' proper- ty Some deaths might have been averted through more stringent animal control laws and enforcement (eg, leash laws, fencing requirements) Although the bite preven- tion effectiveness of such animal control ordinances and programs has not been systematically evaluated, free roaming dogs and dogs with menacing behavior are problems that need to be addressed even if they do not bite (eg, causing bicycle or car crashes) Generic non breed specific, dangerous dog laws can be enacted that place primary responsibility for a dog's behavior on the owner, regardless of the dog's breed In particular, targeting chronically irresponsi- ble dog owners may be effective 1° If dog owners are required to assume legal liability for the behavior and actions of their pets, they may be encouraged to seek professional help in training and socializing their pets Other options include enforcing leash laws and laws against dog fighting We noticed in the fatal cases, that less than one half of 1% of DBRF were caused by leashed animals off the owners' property Subdivisions and municipalities that outlaw fences or limit fences to heights insufficient for controlling large dogs may be increasing the probability of children interacting with unsupervised dogs Scientific evaluations of the effects of such regulations are important Education of dog owners can address several issues (1) understanding breed profiles" r° may assist owners in selecting the appropnate dog for their lifestyle and train- ing abilities, (2) convincing owners to seriously consid- er the sex and reproductive status of their dogs is impor- tant because male and sexually intact dogs are more like- ly to bite than are female and 'neutered dogs," and (3) teaching owners about the importance of socialization and training may decrease their likelihood of owning a dog that will eventually bite Veterinarians play a key role in educating pet own- ers, but because many dogs that bite may not be seen by a veterinarian prior to the bite incident, programs that encourage responsible ownership must also be presented through other venues Public education strategies should Include school -based and adult edu- cational programs addressing bite prevention and basic canine behavior, care, and management Programs should strive to ensure that dogs receive proper social- ization, exercise, and attention, that they are given ade- quate food, water, shelter, and veterinary care, that they are neutered if they are not maintained for legiti- mate and responsible breeding purposes, and that they are trained humanely and confined safely However, 840 Vet Med7oday Special Report JAVMA, Vol 217, No 6, September 15 2000 like breed specific legislation, all these approaches appear formally unevaluated for effectiveness Targeting and evaluation of prevention efforts requires improved surveillance for fatal and nonfatal dog bites Dog bites should be reported as required by local or state ordinances, and reports of such incidents should include information about the circumstances of the bite, ownership, breed, sex, reproductive status of the dog history of prior aggression, and the nature of restraint prior to the bite incident Collection of data on the entire dog population (eg, breed, age, sex) would help resolve comparative risk issues and may be accomplished by combining paperwork on mandatory rabies immunizations with registration of breed and sex Only with numerator and denominator data and with formal evaluations of the impacts of strategies tried by various communities will we be able to make science -based recommendations for decreasing the number of dog bites In the interim, adequate funding for animal control agencies, enforcement of existing animal control laws, and educational and policy strate- gies to reduce inappropriate dog and owner behaviors will likely result in benefits to communities and may well decrease the number of dog bites that occur References 1 Sacks JJ, Sattin RW, Bonzo SE Dog bite- related fatalities in the United States 1979 -1988 JAMA 1989,262 1489 -1492 2 Sacks JJ, Lockwood R, Hornreich J et al Fatal dog attacks 1989 -1994 Pediatrics 1996 97 891 -895 3 Centers for Disease Control Dog bite related fatalities United States 1995 -1996 MorbidMortal V4kekly Rep 1997 46 463 -467 4 Lockwood R Humane concerns about dangerous dog laws University of Dayton Law Rev 1988 13 267 -277 5 Lockwood R, Randy K Are `pit bulls" different? An analy- sis of the pit bull temer controversy Anthmzoos 1987 1 2 -8 6 NEXIS LEXIS ionbne database available at http /wwwlexxs- nexis comflnccl Dayton, Ohio Lexis -Nexis Group 1999 7 Amencan Kennel Club Dog registration statistics Jan 1 1990 -Dec 31, 1998 New York Amencan Kennel Club 8 Sosin DM, Sacks JJ, Sattin RW Causes of nonfatal injuries in the United States 1986 Accra Anal Prev 1992,24 685 -687 9 Sacks 5] Kresnow M Houston B Dog bites how big a prob- lem Injury Prey 1996,2 52 10 Weiss HB, Fnedman D, Coben 51-1 Incidence of dog bite mJunes treated in emergency departments JAMA 1998,279 51 -53 11 Quinlan KE Sacks JJ Hospitalizations for dog bite injuries JAMA 1999 281 232 -233 12 Ger liman KA Sacks JJ Wright JC Which dogs bite? A case control study of risk factors Pediatrics 1994,93 913 -917 13 Pinckney LE, Kennedy LA Traumatic deaths from dog attacks in the United States Pediatrics 1982,691193-196 14 Pollock S Banning pit bulls in the Distnct of Columbia Memorandum to the Washington Humane Society from the Arnold and Porter Law Firm Washington DC 1999 15 Burt MR Canine legislation can dogs get a fair shake m court Ski Med Acme 1997,2101139 -1142 16 WapnerM Wilson JF Are laws prohibidngownershipof pit bull- type dogs legally enforceable'' J Am Sot Med Assoc 2030 216 1552-1554 17 Companion animals section and division of higher educa- tion programs Guidelines for regulating dangerous or vicious dogs Washington, DC Humane Society of the United States 1987 18 Lockwood R Dangerous dogs revisited The Humane Society News 1992 37 20 -22 19 Hart BL Milier MF Behavioral profiles of dog breeds J Am tkt Med Assoc 1985,186 1175 -1180 20 Hart BL Hart LA Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior proflles and gender J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 186 1181 -1185 914ake A Wish `Opiate By Ann Newman Timmy the chimp visits with Adam. Timmy an eight- month -old chimpanzee belongs to Mary Overton and Cherace Hudson of Missouri THE SIMIAN 2001 PAGE 6 r i a .E= SS members Mary Overton and Sheryl Sherman made a specials isit to Adam Joweis to male a second wish come true During Karlme Elder and Emily's recent "Make A 4v rsh" s isit w ith the sir -}ear -old boy w ho has an inoperable malignant beam tumor, Adam mentioned how much he w ould enjoy meeting, a chimpanzee now that he d met a capuchin Ntary and Sher.I journeyed through Blytheville on their way to the Arkansas SSA meeting in Decembei so that dream could come true Adam enjoyed a visit with Timmy the clump owned by Mary and Cherace Hudson a second visit with Emily Elder, and a visit with Cappy, an eight -month -old blackcap owned by Sheryl Sherman Adam continues to receive treatment at St Jude Children's Reseaich Hospital in Memphis. Tennessee *If you would like to help continue making special memories for Adam, you can send hint a picture of your monkey Adam Jowers, 1601 Church Street, Blytheville AR 72315 Cappy, an eight- month -old blackcap capuchin entertains Adam Cappy belongs to Sheryl Sherman who lives in Missouri Emily and Adam enjoy looking through a book Emily, a tine -.eat -old blackcap capuchin belongs to Karlme Elder who lives in Arkansas rr, Helping Hands Monkey Helpers for the Disabled Click here to view a video of George and his Helping Hands Monkey, Gizmo You need a mane weaver to see this clip RUN 'l 0 Ch u tuv, Its I El I Click Here to make an on -line donation using our secure server. httn /www heln,nnhandcmnnlee‘ c nro/ Helping Hands \lonl.e■ !Miters For the Disabled S41 uuln (tk”s •1 It'r ni A1A( 441p) HELPING HANDS is a non profit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for quadriplegic individuals by training capuchin monkeys to assist them with daily activities. It's difficult to imagine what it would be like to be a quadriplegic. Yet in a split second, it could happen to anyone. And when it does, people lose more than control of their arms and legs -they lose control of their lives. 4 Each day becomes a challenge to regain that control and as much independence as possible. Our monkeys are affectionate, responsive friends whose companionship can brighten a disabled individual's outlook on life, relieve hours of loneliness and help him become more independent. Monkey helpers perform simple, every day tasks, such as getting something to eat or drink, retrieving dropped or out of reach items, assisting with audio cassettes, video cassettes, CDs, and books, turning lights on or off -tasks that we take for granted, and in many cases, our monkeys have enabled people to work from their homes. Helping Hands charges no fees for its services and is largely supported by private contributions. Tragically, the median age of individuals when they are injured is twenty-six. The majority of injuries are the result of automobile collisions, falls, and diving accidents. Of the 250,000 quadriplegics in the United States, an estimated 6,000 to 12,000 are appropriate candidates and are highly motivated to use monkey helpers. As with Seeing Eye dogs, Page 1 of 3 04/23/2001 Helping Hands Monkey Helpers for the Disabled Pt Foster care providers incur certain expenses. These include items such as monkey chow, cage materials, veterinary care, leashes, waist collars; diapers and toys. While the cost of basic supplies required to raise a foster monkey need not be expensive, t rf ne I n g'i^“ 11.1•1,w be1,..nnhnnAcmnn4>.•e nm tfnctamv }Mm Helpin.'� Hands 11niikc llclpei� int the l)ik,lhlcd �{1( iutn III 'r Itn.t'u q1 ❑'I .t nl 111^+ Foster Family Program- Raising a monkey is fun and rewarding, but it is not easy. It is time consuming, entails some expense, and requires a considerable amount of patience. Foster homes should not include any children under age 10. In our experience, the combined demands of young children and monkeys are overwhelming. The presence of older children (teenagers) in the home is fine, and older children may even enjoy being involved in the monkey's care. Page I of 3 HELPING HANDS Raising a young monkey is similar to 15 TAKING ra a human child and requires APPLICATIONS nearly as much time. Because of the extensive time commitment required, the primary caretaker must not work outside the home, (or in certain situations, may work part -time if !f` you receive an older monkey). Students and individuals who work full -time are not able to provide the structure that young monkeys require. All primary foster parents must be adults. The primary foster parent of a monkey more than 2 years old should be prepared to have their monkey spend at least 5 -6 hours a day out of the cage. The main activity room of the foster home should have room for a large cage, so that whether in or out of the cage the monkey is still a part of the family's activities. The cage requires regular cleaning, and the papers under the cage must be changed daily. Foster parents are expected to bathe and diaper their monkeys (while out of the cage) on a daily basis. Advice is provided to encourage older monkeys to return to their cages for pottying. However, as with children and other animals, monkeys will have potty accidents. Young monkeys are quite active. They run around exploring their homes and may occasionally knock things down. Just as with a toddler you need to prepare for this by putting prized possessions away in a safe place. As with human children, you must be there to supervise and intervene if necessary. nnilwool Helping Hands Monkey Helpers for the Disabled Page 3 of 3 °Al tie!, working. We sincerely appreciate the extent of the commitment you are willing to make, and we thank you for your support. A771. \7/O C altfornia and Colorado resulents California and Colorado do not make an exception to t/reir exotics regulations for Helping Hands Monkeys. Please call our office before applying for a foster parent position. Helping, Hands Menke: helper%iur the Ui■ahled 511 iulnide& 1/4 .I liu.tnu A1111:1t1 „f S' 1119 It 056 5,971 1.2,3. COUNT 't 1 rc`1 Nfr http• /www helpinghandsmonkevs ore /fosterpa htm 04/23/2001 Helping Hands Monkey Helpers for the Disabled Page 2 of 3 perform tasks with a monkey helper, an individual must be capable of independent wheelchair mobility to move about the home environment. The same motor ability used to activate a puff -sip, hand, or chin control unit will be utilized to control monkey communication equipment. 5. Functioning Electric Wheelchair Much of the equipment used to communicate with a monkey is attached to a wheelchair. For this reason, the wheelchair that will be used on a daily basis must be fully functioning before an tndi%idual can be selected to receive a monkey helper. 6. Unimpaired Cognitive Function: Individuals who receive monkeys must have good decision making skills, especially in situations when monkeys, like children, occasionally "test the rules." The person who is assisted by the monkey must also be able to coordinate and monitor daily care and health of his or her monkey. 7. Demonstrated Responsibility and Maturity: Since the responsibility of having a monkey is comparable to the responsibility of having a young child, individuals who apply for monkey helpers should be at an age and stage in life when they would be appropriate for taking on the responsibility of having a child. 8. Adequate Verbal Communication: Individuals must be able to give clear consistent commands to their monkeys. This increases a monkey's ability to distinguish one command from another. 9. No Small Children in the Household: Monkeys require a stable, uncluttered home environment in order to perform their tasks accurately and reliably. Young children make it difficult to maintain the structure needed by the monkeys. 10. A Need for Independence: Individuals who apply for monkey helpers should have a strong desire to do as much for themselves as possible. 11. A Desire for Companionship: Monkeys rely on the relationship and affection that develops with their human companions. This relationship must be as important to the monkey helper recipient as it is to the monkey. 12. Enthusiasm: This comes in many forms...taking control of one's application process, desire to become more independent, willingness to adapt one's home environment to accommodate a monkey, willingness to drill with the monkey in her tasks on a daily basis during the adjustment period after placement, etc. As a final note, although the cost to train, place, and equip a monkey is considerable, Helping Hands does not charge for either its services or its monkey helpers. Individuals who meet the above criteria should write a letter describing themselves in terms of each of these criteria. Letters should also include http• /www helpinghandsmonkeys org /placement htm 04/23/2001 i CONSERVATION killer kitties BY GEORGE REIGER WHAT DO YOU CALL A CLAN OF CATS? MURDER INCORPORATED EVER UNDERESTIMATE THE University officials had all strays prowess and persistence of rounded up but were forced to release a house cat Several sum- them after a group of students and mers ago, I watched one faculty demonstrated (for the bene- leap again and again 5 feet into the air in a seemingly vain effort to snare the administration's "cinch to cats a tree swallow darting in and out of Although vehicles kill more big its nesting box Hovv eve on the 1 ith game deer, bears,moose, and the (or w as it the 1. 0th') lump, it pulled _.hke house cats are this nation's No the bird down and began "plat mg" Uglier of small mammals and song- with it, although the swallow wasn't birds The American e Ve 1A) e Nle d- having much fun Burr owls are the mascot of that there are more than 60 million Florida Atlantic Unn ersin in Boca cats in the United States, and most are Raton At one nine, the school had found in such high qualitv song as many as 63 burrows on its 880- bird habitat as suburbs and farm acre campus However, the owls' land Intern 1- ucoraslii�@#pc)Y" reproductive success fell even as the ]i(ah:SCCSThdStatilty local house -cat population soared e`�lt�o„�ST�; �ilit3ei i `a't;kX' n fi of TV cameras of course) against NICE KITTY? PROBABLY, BUT ALSO A HIGHLY EFFICIENT PREDATOR found up to 114 [housel cats per square mile, which is several times higher than the combined densities of all similar -sized pred- ators such as foxes, skunks, opossums, and raccoons BRITS BLIND TO TABBY TERROR Bird loving Britons have done several studies on the impact of free ranging house cats One found that their nation's 8 million cats kill an estimated 210 million songbirds and small mammals annually And since house cats are fed by owners and have no reasomto promptly kill }phat,they,,catch, cats spey}d an average of 3O ihinhtes torturing each victim As a result, British cats maim, but do not kill, an additional 42 million songbirds and small mam- t31s annually Combining the British research with their own, Coleman, Temple, and colleague Scott R Craven cAl_- culate that more than 1 bdhon small mammals and several hundreds of nulbonu of songbirds are killed annu- ailyyhyzAmerrcan house cats (The researehersTnadeno estimate of the naraben'if b; do and small mammals annually but not killed.) 4w#�� AWW